Review Of Related Literature And Critical Appraisal Essay

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, which requires treatment using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Inhalation route is the most direct and efficient way to deliver high amount of drugs to the airways with least systematic side effects. Improper use of the inhaler device is one of the most common reasons for poor asthma control as it can reduce effectiveness and the amount of drugs reaches to the airways (AL-Jahdali et al. 2013). SIGN (2016) and NICE (2013) recommend that when initiate any new inhaler, patients should be trained on proper inhaler

To better understand the impact of asthma, a brief overview of the causes (aetiology) and disease progression (pathophysiology) must be shown. As common as asthma is, not much is known about its aetiology, according to findings presented by Subbaroa, Mandhane and Sears (2009, pg. 181-187) in a review from the Canadian

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Asthma is a respiratory disease that many people deal with every single day. “According to World Health Organization, approximately 180,000 people die from asthma each year.” (Jardins and Burton 187) Most people never think of asthma as a life threatening disease, but it can be crucial. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with someone who has been diagnosed with this disease. Asthma is a severe breathing problem that has many complications that is dealt with daily like shortness of breath, chronic cough, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath, my main focus is childhood asthma, allergic asthma, and medication to treat asthma.

Asthma affects 1 in every 12 Americans. According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology, Asthma is affects “About 1 in 9 (11%) non-Hispanic blacks of all ages and about 1 in 6 (17%) of non-Hispanic black children had asthma in 2009, the highest rate among racial/ethnic groups.” As a mother of child with asthma, I know how scary it can be to deal with asthma attacks and learning how to treat the symptoms and minimize risk factors.

I. Introduction: Looking at Asthma and breaking it down to fully understand the chronic disease.

Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA, (2017) has provided global strategy guidelines for the best management and prevention for asthma. In the report GINA writes that a shared-care approach is associated with improved outcomes. It requires the development of a partnership

Asthma-related ER visits and inpatient hospitalizations in zip code (65616) for years (2010-2014) are higher among females (53.3% and 59.8٪) (Figure1&7), respectively than males (46.6% and 40.2٪) respectively (Figure1&7), which is consistent with the statistics that confirm asthma is more prevalent among females than males. The white asthmatic patients have higher percentages of ER visits for asthma by 87.3% compared with black or African American by 12.7% (Figure2) (CDC, 2013). This result differs from the national

Asthma is one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases. It is a chronic condition with recurring, exacerbations characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness and inflammation leading to airflow obstruction (Cabana, et al., 2014). Over time, the chronic inflammation may cause permanent damage to the airway (Wenzel, 2012). Asthma affects people of all ages but typically begins in childhood (Wenzel, 2012). This paper will explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Additionally, it will cover how age and behavior can impact the pathophysiology and influence the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Finally, mind maps will illustrate, visually, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of both the chronic and acute phase of asthma.

Bunting BA, Cranor CW. The Asheville project: long-term clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes of community-based medication therapy management program for asthma. J Am Pharm Assoc 2006;46:133-147

More than half of adults with acute asthma skip routine examination of asthma in recent years and only 40% of adults and children with asthma receive an action plan against asthma. It is encouraging that the most serious hospitalizations and deaths from asthma decreases, nevertheless, there are about 400 deaths, 35,000 hospital discharges and 180,000 visits to the emergency room each year due to asthma. In addition, the hospital costs for asthma are enormous- More than $ 1 billion in 2010, hence corresponding preventive measures could save a lot. 12% of people who have been hospitalized for asthma in 2010 had at least a return visit this year. Repetition to avoid hospitalization could possibly have saved $ 156 Million in medical costs. Total measures of asthma management, varies highly by race / ethnicity, income, age, sex and other characteristics. Blacks have particularly disproportionate measures of emergency visits for asthma, hospital admissions and mortality. Although people of all incomes have an almost similar prevalence of asthma, people with low incomes are more poorly vulnerable. This is from California emergency room visits and hospital

Asthma is the leading cause of hospital admissions during childhood. Kumar and Robbins give an accurate definition of asthma as “a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night and/or early in the morning” (489). Asthma is a terrifying disease, especially in children, because of the sudden attacks that could claim lives if not treated immediately and effectively. Despite recent advancements in available drugs and overall therapy, the incidence of childhood asthma is rising (Dolovich 373). In order to effectively treat and eventually prevent the onset of asthma, more effective and economical therapies are necessary; although

Asthma is one lifestyle disease that affects the body’s systems greatly. In the year of 2004/05 asthma was a multi-million dollar industry at $606 million. In 2007/08 asthma prevalence is responsible for over 9.9% of the population in Australia, which is almost 2,

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by inflammation of the airways resulting in wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and tightness of the chest. Asthma can often be mild but there are times in which it can become fatal. Although it is most commonly diagnosed in children, people of all ages can be affected by it. As of now, no cure has been found for asthma, this means that any individual affected by asthma, even if they are well, still have the disease and could have an attack at anytime. Thankfully, however, even though no cure has been found yet, advancement in our knowledge and treatment helps in preventing and managing the disease, enabling those who are affected to live a normal and active lifestyle.

Asthma affects more than an estimated 300 million people in the world [1]. Patients with asthma experience a specific pattern of inflammation in the airways characterized by degranulated mast cells, an infiltration of eosinophils, and an increased number of activated T-helper 2 cells. This results in increased responsiveness of the airways to such triggers as exercise, allergens, and air pollutants. There is also increasing evidence that structural cells of the airways, such as epithelia cells, smooth-muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, are a major source of inflammatory mediators in asthma [2]. The proper treatment of such an affliction for these individuals requires a solution which considers and resolves concerns