Review Paper On ' Shreyas Shah '

The biochip technology helps sorts thousands of different proteins from cancer cells by both their electrical charge and the patient’s stickiness. In addition, the 2-D fractionation procedure generates 960 separate protein fractions, nonetheless, which are then prepared in a single biochip inclosing 96 well grids (Sagoff, 2008). Additionally, scientist review microarrays with plasma "auto-antibodies" formed by the cancer patient’s immune systems. Biochip technology in this realm of healthcare is intended to take advantage of the information contained in the patient’s individual biology. Thus, biochips have progressively exhibited a great deal of promise in diagnostic medicine.

The earliest microfluidic devices were made mostly made from silicon since the technology for patterning silicon wafers had already been developed by the electronics industry for its usage in microelectronics and micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Silicon however has the following disadvantages: (1) It is not optically transparent in the wavelength range used for optical detection; (2) Its conductive properties make it unsuitable for applications that involve electro kinetic flow to transport fluids; (3) Proteins tend to bind to silicon non-selectively which rules out its application in immunoassays [Bange et al, 2005]

1). In microfluidic flows, particles can migrate one place to another place streamlines to focus at specific position in micro channels because of the inertial forces that overused for high throughput, size based particle and separation of cell. In other words, migration of particles occurs because of the inertial lift forces. Existing of inertial microfluidics devices provide to good separation resolution. In contrast, the use of inertial microfluidics is limited by the large red blood cells and diluted blood samples. However, many researchers use high throughput blood separation as dean flow technique with CTCs isolation from blood. In this way, they may solve the dilution problem a little bit. Consequently, although many recent advances in inertial microfluidics, there is a still need new technologies that provide continuous, high throughput and purity of viable CTCs from large blood

In this article, researchers at CWRU in Cleveland Ohio created a microfluidic platform to monitor the extent of someone's sickle cell disease. This could be instrumental in tracking the progress of sickle cell disease and could be responsible for recognizing problems and finding solutions. Due to the short length of the article, it didn’t go into anything about how microfluidics worked. On another site, I found it requires about a microliter of blood. Most chips have seven channels that each hold reagents and markers that identify targeted molecules. A syringe acts as a vacuum and pulls the blood through the channels. Then gold and silver nanoparticles attach to molecules and provide color which allows you to interpret the tests. It takes under

Using a sterilized and cooled loop, take a small quantity of cell material and spread over the first quadrant by streaking the plate using three parallel

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) arose from the need to separate and purify specific cells of different organisms or parts of organisms (5). The FACS was created in the late 1960s by Bonner, Sweet, Hulett, Herzenburg, and others and is a special type of flow cytometry(5). The commercial use of the machines did not happen until the early 1970s. The use today mostly involves staining, analyzing and sorting individual cells from small human samples (5). These methods are mainly applied to infants and stem cell transplant patients. Coming into the future, the speed of the machine has now been increased to measure 12 colors and two scatter parameters (5). The FACS is one of the leading and fastest applications in cell analyzing and sorting by DNA differences.

The cells usually are put into a special liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing:

    Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was the last shah of Iran, and he took the nickname of shahanshah. He was educated at the Swiss Interior School and completed his education in Iran. He married three times: Princess Fawzia, Thuraya Estfndyari and Farah Deba. He has five children, two sons and three daughters.

This process allows them to print an array of hundreds of tiny microfish within seconds. This does not require the use of harsh chemicals, and because the technology is digitized, it can be adapted to various other biomimetic shapes like birds or sharks. Moreover, the nanoparticles could also be customized to endow the microfish with different functions. Their tiny size, easy customizability and rapid manufacture make these microrobots amenable to a plethora of biomedical applications like robotic microsurgeries and drug

Tumor metastasis, is a major case of cancer-associated mortality, with dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) primarily occurring through the cardiovascular system.1 Therefore CTCs have a promising clinical potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to predict disease progression, survival in metastatic cancer, and early-stage cancer diagnosis.1,2 Due to the various distribution of CTCs within the cardiovascular system, blood samples may need to be collected from various sites according to cancer type.1 The small sample volumes, real time detection, multiplexing capabilities inherent in microfluidic systems offer the opportunity for CTCs separation and detection.3 Most reported microfluidic devices for CTC detection are based on cell-affinity micro-chromatography, magnetic activated micro-cell sorting, size-based microfluidic separation, and dielectrophoresis.3 While the majority of existing systems focused on cell

Therefore, patients can receive treatment before cancer metastasizes to other areas of the body, which is resulting in better health outcomes. The main challenge in circulating tumor cell (CTC) research is their detection, which requires the ability to detect one CTC out of almost 1 billion normal blood cells [2, 3]. Based on the known properties of tumor cells, several platforms for CTC detection have been developed. Such platforms can be classified into two major categories: (I) Immunochemistry-based methods, and (II) physical property-based methods. CELLSEARCHTM from Janssen Diagnostics is considered the most successful and the only FDA-approved platform for CTC detection in clinical practice in patients with breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Limitation of this method is the low yield of CTC capture from larger blood volume. Metastasis often involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cells; thus, epithelial marker-dependent approaches may miss numerous CTCs that have low or absent epithelial marker expression. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) [4] is another widely accepted size-based approach. This platform applies a specific membrane filter for tumor cell selection, because tumor cells are often larger and stiffer than blood cells. Main advantage of using membrane filter is that cells can be retained for further investigation. Nonetheless, the sizes of tumor cells may vary

According to the stochastic model, tumor cells are biologically equivalent but their behavior is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and is therefore both variable and unpredictable. Thus, tumor-initiating activity cannot be enriched by sorting cells based on intrinsic characteristics.

An important aspect for cell capture devices is the ability to easily access cells and nucleic acids for downstream analysis (e.g. clonal expansion, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), gene expression, and sequencing) to determine the type of primary tumor and monitor disease progression [130, 131]. Microfluidic cell capture approaches are typically formed by permanently bonding the channel network to the capture surface, and access to the captured cells and nucleic acids is only possible by flowing fluid through the channel. With the magnetic latching used in SEAM, the channel and the surface can be quickly decoupled to provide open access to the captured

fabrication techniques. The size-based filtration for CTC capturing is described in Figure. 2C. The Jetta™ microfluidic slide captures and isolates rare CTCs from blood samples based on their size and deformability differences from blood cells with a very high efficiency (>85%). The label free capture process allows researchers to customize assays based on the size of the cells they are seeking to isolate. The microfluidic chip captures various types of CTCs: large, small (compared to leukocytes trapped in the micro device) as well as CTC-clusters. Furthermore, it also ensures contaminating leukocytes trapped in separate chambers for subsequent identification using CD45 counterstaining. The Jetta™ 400 system can run four blood samples

Microfluidics technology, originated at Stanford University in Analytical Chemistry field, is a science integrated the sample preparation, reaction, separation,