Review of Research Paper on Parkinson's Disease Treatment

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

Parkinson's Disease is a literally crippling neurodegenerative disorder, manifested in about 1% of the aged population. People who have Parkinson's Disease gradually lose control of their movements; specific symptoms include, "tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, difficulty in walking, and loss of balance." (1) Evidence strongly suggests that Parkinson's Disease is the result of severe cell loss in the substantia nigra. This brain structure is principally involved in the production of dopamine. (2) Dopamine, among other functions, is the neurotransmitter involved in initiation of movement. Hence, the link between dopaminergic cell loss and cessation of voluntary movement, as manifested

Although the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, it is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of ventral midbrain region [9]; [1]. Its prevalence is associated with age. Approximately 1% of the population is affected at 65–70 years of age, which increases to 4–5% in 85-year-olds [2]. Various epidemiological studies and pathological analyses have demonstrated that mean age of onset in sporadic PD, which accounts for about 95% of cases of Parkinsonism is 70 years [7]; [3]. Familial form of Parkinson’s disease is linked to genetic mutations and has prevalence rate of 4%. Familial Parkinson’s disease patients develop early-onset disease before the age of 50

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Two other names for PD are shaking palsy and Paralysis agitans. Parkinson’s disease is initiated when the cells in the brain that produce dopamine die over time. Dopamine is a brain chemical used by nerve cells that helps to control the body 's muscle movement. Without those brain cells and the dopamine they produce, it becomes increasingly more difficult for the cells that control movement to send messages to the muscles; affecting the body’s movement. As time goes on the damage worsens. There is not a known cause as to why these brain cells die, although there are a few theories ("MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia:

Parkinson’s disease affects the brain of the individual. The disease affects the neurons in the brain that are responsible for producing dopamine. “In short, a person 's brain slowly stops producing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. With less and less dopamine, a person has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions” (“Understanding”). This leads to the symptoms frequently associated with Parkinson’s. While Parkinson’s disease is experienced differently in each case, there is a generic order in which the disease develops. There are five main stages that can be experienced. Not every patient will reach all stages, and the severity and rapidity varies. As the stages develop, the symptoms increase from mild and manageable, to intense.

The cause of the degeneration of cells within the substantia nigra is unknown and therefore no cure exists for the disease. Extensive research is being conducted in an attempt to determine the cause and find a cure for Parkinson’s. A

The question may arise, what exactly is Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s disease is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder, which means that it gets worse over time. PD is more common with increasing age affecting 1% of the population above 55, with 4-10% of cases having early onset before the age of 40 (XXXX). The average age of onset ranges between 58-62 years old and is more common in men than women. The disease itself is defined by the presence of lewy bodies in neurons and a loss of dopamine. Degenerative changes to the basal ganglia affect the nerve cells in the substantia niagra that produce dopamine. This results in a decrease in the production of dopamine that is getting to the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved with regulating movement making early signs of PD primarily motor impairments and progression of this disease can range from

A popular joke among college science majors is “you make my dopamine levels go all silly,” in reference to the physiological function of dopamine linked to hormone secretion and emotional behavior. However, dopamine plays an important functional role in movement the generation of movement [4]. A deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain leads to many life-altering side affects experienced by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is identified as a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain affecting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system [1]. Among the basal ganglia network, clusters of nerve cells known as substantia nigra and their nuclei, synthesize dopamine by mesencephalic neurons [2]. It is the slow disintegration of substantia nigra that lead to Parkinson’s disease affecting

Parkinson’s is a disease where patients do not have enough dopamine, because some of their nerve cells have died in the brain. Dopamine controls the movement in the body, and without it movement becomes slow. Treatments for Parkinson’s are used to control the symptoms. This disease is not well known because patients do not generally die from Parkinson’s. As Parkinson’s progresses the symptoms get worse and can cause other health issues. I used current research papers and information found pertaining to different Parkinson’s organizations to argue the point that Parkinson’s does not have enough awareness and funding for scientists to find a cure.

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic brain disorder that limits mobility in patients that are diagnosed with it. Information about the disease was first published in Western medicine in 175 AD, although evidence of it it has been seen since earlier ancient times. Since then, much has been learned about the disease. In the 1960s, the differences in chemicals in the brains of Parkinson’s disease patients were first identified. Researchers now believe that Parkinson’s is caused by the gradual breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. The degeneration of these cells leads to a lack of dopamine in the brain, which makes nerve functioning more difficult as it is harder for the brain to coordinate muscle movement. The gradual breakdown of neurons causes the symptoms of Parkinson’s to worsen as the patient gets older. Since the 1960s, research on Parkinson’s has been ongoing but not yet conclusive.

Parkinson’s disease is a nervous system disorder that affects movement, speech, and other brain function due to insufficient amounts of dopamine release. It is currently incurable, however there are some treatments that can be given to a patient depending on their symptoms and how severe they are. These treatments are administered to Parkinson’s disease patients with the goal of controlling symptoms and minimizing their affects for as long as possible as the disease progresses. Parkinson’s disease is still being researched however, and many treatments are considered experimental. Current treatments that are being administered include dopamine drugs, speech and physical therapy, and in more severe cases, deep brain stimulating surgery. Moreover,

Parkinson's is caused by the death of brain cells that produce dopamine, one of the chemicals that carry messages between neurons. Low dopamine impairs the basal ganglia, which are brain regions that control movement and coordination. The early signs of this disease is often trembling or shanking of a limb usually when the body is at rest, these first tremors usually begin on one side of the body typically a hand. These tremors can effect arms, legs, feet, and a patients face. Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. The four primary symptoms of Parkinson's are tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity, or

Parkinson’s Disease is a movement disorder that gets worse and worse over time. Parkinson’s is mainly found in older people. It is where significant neurons of the brain begin to malfunction and die. Parkinson’s typically affects the neurons in the substantia nigra part of the brain. Some of these important neurons produce a chemical called dopamine that sends signals to the primary motor cortex portion of the brain to control movement. The amount of this chemical decreases as PD advances, causing the individual to lose control over their movement and coordination.

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,