Review of Research Paper on the Interphase of Mitosis

Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.

Living cells within our bodies perform an abundance of chemical reactions very speedily because of the participation of enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being depleted or altered in the reaction (Garrette & Grisham, 1999). The

“Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments” (Metabolism). Metabolism breaks down the food that we eat, transforming it into energy for our bodies. Metabolism is broken down into two categories Anabolism and Catabolism, which help aid in the chemical reaction process. Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism, and each chemical reaction is coordinated with other body functions (Dowshen). Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we're born and ends when we die. It is a vital process for all life not just humans, and

1. Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts in chemical reactions. These protein catalysts will speed up biochemical reactions in the body without being consumed in the process.

Metabolism is one of the most important functions of the body. Inside cells, enzymes metabolize nutrients into separate compounds that the body needs to live (Pearson, 2015). According to the textbook, Metabolism occurs within the endocrine system and is required to generate energy, repair damaged cells, and sustain life (Pearson, 2015). Problems with the structure and function of endocrine glands lead to altered metabolism and abnormal hormone production, which leads to the development of various diseases (Pearson, 2015).

Beginning with mitosis, the cell cycle starts in interphase. Interphase consists of three major events, which are phases G1, S, and G2. Each phase within interphase prepares the cell differently. In the G1 phase there was an increases in the size of the cell, which allowed it to enter the S phase. Once the cell was in the S phase, DNA was replicated producing two sister chromatids which were attached at their centromeres. The process then proceeded into the G2 phase where certain proteins checked the integrity of the DNA, if everything was in order the cell continued into the mitotic stages. The DNA content in the G1 phase was the same at the beginning and the end but changed in the S phase. The S phase began as 2N and ended as 4N meaning the replication of DNA caused four sets of genes to be produced.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalyst increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves. A chemical reaction is a process that converts one or more substances (known as reagents, reactants, or substrates) to another type of substance (the product). As a catalyst, an enzyme can facilitate the same chemical reaction over and over again.

The cell cycle consists of the G0 phase and the interphase that includes the three sub-phases, G1, S, and G2, and the M phase (fig. 4). The G0 phase or the quiescent phase is when a cell has exited the cell cycle and/or undergoes terminal differentiation. Cell division occurs during the relatively brief M phase, which is followed by the G1 phase. The G1 phase is the main period of cell growth, and it covers the longest part of the cell cycle. The S phase is when DNA synthetizes. When this phase is complete, the cell contains double the amount of DNA, which leads to the relatively short G2 phase. The G2 phase is the

Mitosis is when atomic division in addition to cytokinesis, and produces two indistinguishable little girl cells amid prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase,and cytokinesis. Which a phone copies into two hereditarily indistinguishable girl cells. In mitosis, chromosomes in the cell core are differentiated into two indistinguishable arrangements of chromosomes, each in its own core. Interphase is incorporated in mitosis discussions,but it is not actually piece of mitosis yet rather ecompasses stages G1,S,and G2 of the cell cycle.

Enzymes have several key parts to remember. In order for metabolism, which are all the chemical reactions occurring in the body, to function properly; enzymes are there to assist (Shuster, 2012). All enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolism (Shuster, 2012). Enzymes are catalysts. In order to make reactions faster, enzymes bond to molecules in the reaction. They reduce the energy in reactions in order to make them happen more often. There are two types of reactions. There is an anabolic reaction, which builds up simple molecules making them into complex molecules. There are also catabolic reactions, which break down the complex molecules making them into simple molecules. Enzymes have a three-dimensional shape is also extremely important. Their shape is determined by the order of amino acids that make it up (Brain, 2103). Every enzyme is specific and will only catalyze one reaction (Shuster, 2012). If an enzyme can’t distinguish between the substrate and the phony molecule because of their structures, then it can lead to inhibition (Brain, 2013). Denaturation could occur when anything changes such as the pH level, ionic strength, and the temperature. Finally, it isn’t impossible for reactions to occur without the help of enzymes.

Mitosis cells reproduce to increase growth, repair or asexual reproduction without Mitosis living things would be unable to grow or heal if wounded. Diagram 6 demonstrates the key process of Mitosis that occurs in organisms apart from viruses and reproduction occurs when new cells are needed. The cells also copy's its chromosomes splitting them ensuring that each cell have a full set.

The patient was discharged from a hospital. She had a femur fracture and she was put on hydromorphone for pain. The patient was also diagnosed with microcytic anemia for which the MD prescribed her Iron supplementation.

Life starts out in organisms that are so small and complex even the naked eye can’t see. It starts from the zygote and ends up becoming the person you are today! It all starts from a cycle, when fertilization, the fusion of two haploid gametes, (the sperm and the egg) forms a diploid zygote. This is how the chromosome number in a life cycle changes from haploid to diploid (23 to 46). A lack of chromosomes or having more than 23 chromosomes can cause syndromes like Down Syndrome or Turner Syndrome, which will be discussed later. Mitosis is the division of a haploid or diploid cell into two duplicate daughter cells. Mitosis is basically the division of a nucleus into two duplicate cells, and both have the same number of chromosomes. These identical cells are called totipotent cells, which have the ability to develop into new organisms. A good example of cell division in haploid cells is how the male honey bee develops from an unfertilized haploid cell. For humans, each cell contains 50% DNA from mom and other 50% from dad. Since these cells are eukaryotic, they include both introns and exons. Exons are the nucleotide segments in genes and introns are non coding regions. In

Cellular respiration is a procedure that most living life forms experience to make and get chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The energy is synthesized in three separate phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citrus extract cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are both anaerobic pathways because they do not bother with oxygen to form energy. The electron transport chain however, is aerobic due to its use of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the procedure in which ATP particles are created with the help of oxygen atoms (Campbell, 2009, p. 93). During which, organic food molecules are oxidized to synthesize ATP used to drive the metabolic reactions necessary to maintain the organism’s physical integrity and to support all its activities (Campbell, 2009, pp. 102-103).

Several factors affect the rate of an enzymatic reaction. This includes temperature and substrate concentration. Normally, increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction; however, when the environment gets too hot, the enzyme will begin to denature (the breakdown of a protein out of its 3 dimensional shape. When the enzyme loses its shape, it also loses its function.) Also, substrate concentration has a direct relationship with an enzymatic reaction. Generally, the greater the substrate concentration the higher rate of a reaction until it reaches its maximum, then it will remain at the constant rate.