Rh Incompatability

This is very likely to determine whether Nikoleta’s abnormal red blood cell color and shape is part of a family history. It also notes that both parents have mild hypochromia and macrocytic anemia.

However, analysis of intact fetal cells for detection of aneuploidies and genetic disease shifted away from this when in 1997, Lo et al. first reported the presence of fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood. Free fetal DNA (ffDNA) along with RNA (ffRNA) have opened the door to a multitude of downstream analytical techniques of the fetal genome and transcriptome. Because ffDNA can be isolated through noninvasive methods--all one requires is a sample of maternal blood--clinician-scientists have focused on improving diagnostic methods with ffDNA. Currently, ffDNA is used in the noninvasive diagnosis of Rhesus blood group genotype, sex determination, fetal aneuploidies, and other genetic disorders (Bianchi,

The system works because in blood there are antigens and agglutinogens. In type A, only type A antigens on the red blood cells. Similar to this type B only has type B antigens. Type AB has both A and B antigens, which is why it is the universal recipient. Type O has neither A or B antigens making it the universal donor.

As a general guideline, the Obstetrician orders the pertinent laboratories; aPTT, PT, H&H, CBC’s, Coagulation test, Type and cross match, AST and ALT, BUN & creatinine test. Additionally, its follow by a strict diet prior conception and during pregnancy like the consumption of iron 325mg per day to help with the production of red blood cells, and folic acid 400mg to help with production or red blood cells and decrease neural defects on newborn and intake of Vitamin B12 that helps to reproduce and maintain red blood cells and supports the development of the neurological system. Besides The communication, the patient also understands the risk factors and is more aware of the possible complications she and her fetus might face during the procedure. As we may already know, the patient has the right to refuse or accept treatment in accordance with her beliefs. As a health care professional, we have to respect and honor her wishes. As a nurse, we should not have the impression that all Jehovah’s Witness will refuse blood transfusion because not all often follow the same guidelines. Based-on that the Obstetrician works together with patient to prevent hemorrhagic episodes during and after delivery,

If your unborn baby develops severe anemia, the baby can receive a blood transfusion before being born (in utero), or you may be given immune globulin or antiviral medicines to combat the

Since, the patient’s blood type is B+, he can safe and sound receive blood types B+, B-, O+, and O-. The blood types B+, B-, O+, and O- are well-matched with this patient Type B+, and supported with the point that he merely has the B antigen on red blood cells and an A antibody in the plasma. In the case of where the person has blood group O means that the person has neither A nor B antigens on red cells

Once placing anti-b serum on the blood sample, we again mixed with a clean toothpick and the blood had no reaction. These results determine that Mr. Thomas is blood type A because the anti-a serum caused the A alleles to clot. Next, we tested on Mrs. Thomas. After placing anti-a serum on Mrs. Thomas’s blood sample, we mixed with a clean toothpick and saw that there was no reaction occuring in the blood. Once placing anti-b serum on the blood sample, we mixed with a clean toothpick and the blood also had no reaction. These results determine that Mrs. Thomas is blood type O because both the anti-a serum and anti-b serum caused no reaction within the blood. After determining the blood type of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas, we determined the blood type of the children. After placing anti-a serum on Child One’s blood sample, we mixed with a clean toothpick and saw that there was aggulating or clumping occuring in the blood. Once placing anti-b serum on the blood sample, we mixed with a clean toothpick and the blood had no reaction. These results determine that Child One has blood type A because the anti-a serum caused the A alleles to clot. Once placing anti-a serum on Child Two’s blood sample, we mixed with a clean toothpick and saw that

Expecting mothers need to be cautious of what they expose their growing fetus to throughout the entire pregnancy. Disruption of proper fetal development can cause severe deformities in the fetus physically, mentally, and

American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), confirmed that it is possible to determine the Rh phenotypes and the probable genotypes (26 – 28), by determine the presence or absence of the five major Rh antigens (D, C, E, c, and e). Therefore the assortment of antigens detected on a person’s red cells, constitutes the person’s Rh phenotype. (Table 1-4) illustrates the prediction pattern of the probable Rh phenotypes based on the results of tests with the five principal Rh blood typing reagents.

Foetal blood sampling is the last method and known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical cord sampling (PUBS). This procedure is when a needle is being inserted into the umbilical cord and foetal blood is taken and evaluated for metabolism and hematologic abnormalities (blood disorders). The use of cordocentesis is decreasing since technology can now provide the same information from tests that have smaller risk of miscarriage, such as amniocentesis and CVS, with limitations of structural chromosomal abnormalities smaller than the achievable optical resolution to be undetected.

Hyperhemesis gravidarum is a condition in which the pregnant woman experiences severe nausea and vomiting. Although the causes of hyperemesis gravidarum are not well known; however, many believe that elevated blood level of human chorionic gonadotopin (HCG) may be a contributing factor of this condition. Currently the cause of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is unknown, although there is strong evidence linking human chorionic gonadotropin or estrogens as well as genetic susceptibility possibly mediated through the vestibuloocular reflex pathway (Fejzo et al., 2012). The following case scenario refers to a 22 weeks pregnant woman admitted to the labor and delivery unit with severe nausea

Umbilical cord blood has many potential usages, yet mothers don’t know about it. Instead of using the umbilical cord blood, doctors usually just dispose of it. What mothers don’t have the knowledge of is that

The next test a benign cold antibody can affect is the Rh typing. This has similar causes as the discrepancy seen in the forward ABO typing, which is due to excessive cold auto-agglutinin binding to the patient’s red blood cells. This discrepancy can also be resolved using the pre-warm or 37incubation. Furthermore, it should be noted that the Rh typing discrepancy has decreased substantially sine the reagent first came onto the market. This is due to them first being a polyclonal reagent with high protein concentrations that tended to react with the patient and control rendering the test invalid. The reagent has been improved and is now a monoclonal reagent with low protein which leads to less false positive results.

Hemophilia is a problem with the blood in a person that causes them to bleed not any faster than normal, but they often bleed for a longer period. Their blood is missing the clotting factor (a protein in the bloodstream that works to control bleeding). Hemophilia is quite rare; roughly 1 in every 10,000 persons are born with it. Rarely, hemophilia can be an acquired disease which just means a person is not born with it, but will develop it during their lifetime. This rarity occurs when a person's immune system forms antibodies that attack the clotting factor in the blood. The entire antibody population fights against the blood to prevent the clotting factors from working properly.

The principal mode of diagnosis is a differential diagnosis, and it includes a plethora of facets; bleeding from implantation site, which may be due to uterine atony, with predisposing factors such as infections, and retained placenta or abnormal placentation (Sheiner, 2011). Coagulation disorders and trauma are also essential facets considered during diagnosis (Sheiner, 2011). Conventionally, there are different methods used for the estimation of blood loss during diagnosis, and they are majorly classified as clinical and quantitative methods (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Clinical method remains the primary means to