Richard The Lionheart Research Paper

Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade, ended up making a deal with the opposing leader, Saladin. Both leaders were capable of cruel doings but they had a sort of respect each other as when Richard lost his horse in battle, Saladin sent a replacement. Every time Richard the Lionheart and his troops moved inland towards Jerusalem Saladin’s army would circle round them cutting them off from their supplies. Eventually they agreed to a treaty that allowed Christian pilgrims to enter Jerusalem and leave unharmed but it stayed under Muslim control, they both signed the treaty and the fight was over.

There were eight significant Crusades, which were sparked for many different reasons by many different people that left a lasting effect to the world. These years of bloodshed were led by men of power in order to gain control over Jerusalem at the expenses of others. Throughout the 11th to 13th century, nine significant crusades occurred. There were many other small crusades throughout this period, which continued into the 16th century, until the Renaissance and Reformation when political and religious climate of Europe was drastically different than that of the middle ages (CBN). The most successful of the rebellion was that of the First Crusade. After taking Nicea, the Anatolian capital of the Seljuks, the Crusaders captured Antoich in Syria and Jerusalem in 1099 (history bits). The success of these missions allowed Crusaders to establish permanent settlements

The nonfiction novel “"Lion"” by Saroo Brierley explores different attributes that a person must possess in order to survive. This novel ,”"Lion"” is based on a true story about a 5 year old indian boy who by chance leaves his poverty stricken home and ends up in the city of Kolkata. After 25 years of separation from his family he finds his way home. “"Lion"” showcases many idea’s about survival, some of these being thinking instinctively, knowing how to source basic needs and knowing when to trust others.

The Christian had a weak hold on the holy land for nearly a century when Saladin began uniting the Muslim armies. When the Christians and Muslims met at the battle of Hattin, the Muslims were able to win because of Saladin. This was the turning point for the crusades because three months later the Muslims conquered the city of Jerusalem.

The First Crusades was a military group that was started by Christians in Europe who wanted to gain back the Holy Land that was being occupied by the Muslims. Pope Urban II preached a sermon at Clermont Ferrand on November 1095. Most histories consider this speech to be the spark the fueled a wave of military campaigns to gain back the Holy Land. This speech was meant to unite the Europeans and to gain back what was taken from them. The holy land was a small area on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. The First Crusades was a very successful military expedition that was driven by religious faith to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy places that fell under Muslim control. driven by religious faith. They wanted to gain back the Holy Land that was once theirs. Arabs and the Muslim Turks otherwise known as the Seljuk Turks were the Muslims that invaded and conquered land rightfully occupied by the Christian’s. Many European men, women, and children joined the Crusades and fought in the Middle East. Pope Urban II granted forgiveness of all sins to those who died in battle thus assuring them ascendancy into heaven. Which gave those who volunteered to fight assurance. Nobles and peasants responded in great numbers to the call and marched across Europe to the capital of the Byzantine empire. Having the support of the Byzantine emperor helped make them a stronger army. The Crusaders took over many of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and built a large number of fortified castles across the Holy Land to protect their newly established territories. Soon after seizing power the Seljuks face a very different challenge to Islamic civilization. It came from Christian Crusaders. Knights from western Europe who were determined to capture portions of the Islamic world that made up the holy land of biblical times. Muslim political division and element of surprise made the first of the Crusaders assaults, between 1096 and 1099, by far the most successful. Much of

Acre fell in July 1191, and on September 7, Richard’s brilliant victory at Arsuf put the crusaders in possession of Joppa. Twice Richard led his forces to within o few miles of Jerusalem. But the recapture of the city, which constituted the chief aim of the Third Crusade, eluded him. There were fierce quarrels among the French, German, and English contingents. Richard insulted Leopold V, duke of Austria, by tearing down his

Christians fought to regain lands taken by the Muslims and the “Holy Land” where Jesus had lived and died. Salah al-Din (Saladin) organized his armies and recaptures Jerusalem in 1187. In turn, Richard I of England had captured Acre on the Mediterranean coast in the Third crusade killing thousands of people, but it was soon recaptured by Muslim forces along with any other crusader out-posts. Approximately two-thirds of the Christian world had been conquered by Muslims around the 11th century.

By this time most of the crusaders had left to go home, and those who remained ad built four settlements. The purpose of these four settlements were to guard and govern conquered territory. These Crusader states were Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. However, the Muslim forces began gaining ground around 1130, and in 1144 Zangi who was the Seljuk general captured Edessa (northern Crusader states. By this time Pope Eugene III called for a second crusade, his call was answered by King Louis VIII and his wife Eleanor. Louis was a very religious man and he wanted to honor the first crusaders and his goal was to take the cross and expand the Crusader kingdoms. Unfortunately, Louis had very little military experience, but he still set out with more than 30,000 crusaders to recapture the holy land. This journey took five months because they traveled through France to Asia Minor. This wasn’t a good strategy because by doing this they would pass through Turkish lands and therefore put themselves in danger. The Turks took advantage of this situation by attacking Louis’s group (there were two groups traveling). Louis and his wife were able to survive but there were thousands of crusaders that were killed. Louis decided that best approach would be to abandon his army to look for a new route. His original route was Edessa but he took the way of Damascus (Palestine) because it was closer to Jerusalem. Nur Al-Din who was the son of Zangi (Turkish General), went to unite all of the Muslims in preparation for the war. Even though Nur Al-Din was determined to take back Jerusalem it was Louis who made the first move in 1148. Nur Al-Din had a choice to take Damascus and if he did so he would have more power, (Aleppo and Damascus were the eastern part of the Crusader states. The results of the battle was that there were thousands of Muslims that were dead, the Damascus ruler begged Nur Al-Din to send his army. Louis had to make a

The Third Crusade was the journey of three European leaders into battle with Saladin, the Muslim Sultan of Egypt. In 1187, Saladin gained control of Jerusalem, sparking conversations between Christians all around Europe that the idea of Muslims parading around the Holy Land was horrible and they had to do something. Of course the leaders of many nations heard of this, most notably Richard I, King Philip II of France and the Emperor of Germany, Frederick Barbarossa, who decided to crusade into the Middle East and get Jerusalem back. On the way there, many things happened, probably most importantly that when the German Emperor drowned, at the age of 70, the whole German army decided to go back home. Richard and Philip continued with their armies.

The third Crusade did not achieved much. Frederick Barbarossa died. Phillip returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in 1191. Richard led many organizations against Jerusalem. He also failed to retake the city. The peace treaty was that Saladin’s Muslim empire kept control of the Jerusalem and let Christians visit the city.

To Saladin, the Christian armies were the infidels that had to be evicted. When Saladin’s forces took Jerusalem, the call went out across Europe to launch another crusade.However, this crusade accomplished little compared to the other crusades other than a peace treaty. It was established to allow Saladin’s Muslim Empire to keep control of Jerusalem but granted Christians the right to visit the city and their shrines. The Crusaders kept control of their lands north of the city of Jaffa.

He also mentions the character and work style of Hārūn al-Rashīd and focuses on the manner in which the Christian Crusaders treated the population in Jerusalem after conquering the city in 1099. They spared neither men nor women nor children, in sharp contrast to the manner in which Saladin treated the population of Jerusalem when he conquered it again in 1187.

Saladin is well known for his leadership of the Muslims during the Third Crusade. In 1187, he triumphed over the European Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin. He then captured the “Holy Land,” which made the Europeans come back to fight. Saladin was unable to defeat the armies led by the king of England,

As soon as Saladin’s army was big enough he headed on his way to Jerusalem to recapture it from the crusaders who had control of it for many years prior. Saladin took on the crusaders in the battle of Hattin in 1187 where he won and claimed Jerusalem. The capture of Jerusalem angered England’s King Richard I (also known as Richard the Lion Heart) which resulted in Richard starting another crusade and defeating Saladin and his army. In 1191 while trying to arrange a treaty between Saladin and King Richard the Lion Heart Saladin was stubborn and would not agree so King Richard the Lion Heart executed 3,000 Muslim prisoners publicly for all of Saladin’s camp to see. Angered by King Richard’s actions Saladin executed all of his Christian prisoners. On September 2, of 1192 King Richard and Saladin signed a treaty that allowed for Muslim control of Jerusalem but allowed Christian travelers into the city. Saladin died at the age of 55 in 1193 of yellow fever. Saladin barely left his family any money after his death because he had given everything but one gold piece and some silver to charity.

Out of revenge and urge of desire, Pope Innocent II called for the Fourth Crusade in 1198. The original plan was a military conquest to reconquer Jerusalem through Egypt, as Muslim held much power in that region. From 1202 to 1204 the Fourth Crusade took a bizarre turn to the attack of fellow Christian regions through alliances, poor calculations, and series of decisions with the goal of sacking Jerusalem that ultimately led to the sacking of Constantinople in 1204.