Right To Left Shunt

Modern surgical techniques were also perfected on animals that helped save many lives today such as hip replacement surgery, kidney transplants, heart transplants, and blood transfusions.

What were your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was saliva included in this experiment?

In a normal human being the heart correctly functions by the blood first entering through the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. This blood flow continues through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts forcing the pulmonary valve to open leading blood flow through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk. Blood is then distributed from the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is loaded into the blood. The blood is returned from the lungs to the left

The control of gastric secretions happens when the secretion of the gastric juice by the stomach is stimulated by both of the nerves and the hormones. There are three phases in which this happens;

Oxygen poor blood fills the right atrium from either the superior or inferior vena cava.

¨When I was in veterinary school at Iowa State University back in the '60s, I always liked surgery. Surgery labs back in those days, there was absolutely zero thought about the animal itself. I'm talking mostly about what the animal felt. It wasn't because we were cruel or we didn't want to be concerned about animals.

This study was performed to study the effects on what would happen to the mass of a bone from a chicken wing when the amount of sugar is increased in a liquid. The hypothesis for this lab was that when more sugar was added to the liquid, the more the mass of the bone would decrease over time. It was predicted that the gatorade would make the mass decrease the most and that the water would decrease it the least. It is known that sugar can increase body weight in fat (Greenfield), but sugar can also act as an acid in some cases (Goldschmidt). Our hypothesis was formed thinking that the sugar may act as an acid in this experiment. In this experiment the independent variable was the liquids and the dependent variable was the three chicken bones.

Aortic arch angiogram: shows right aortic arch with the following branching pattern (from proximal to distal): left common carotid, right common carotid, right subclavian artery. The origin of left subclavian (with anomalous origin) was not seen as it was ligated previously. However, the distal portion is filled with diluted contrats likely through a retrograde flow through the left vertebral artery. Patent Rt MAPCA with no intimal ingrowth was seen in the previously placed stent at the origin of Rt MAPCA. Dilated tortus RIMA which is likely profusion the right upper lung lobe (aortopulmonary collaterals) left BT shunt is wide patent (connected left common carotid artery to the interposition graft) with good caliber with mild narrowing at its insertion in the interposition graft.

xiii. At Ohio State University, George Billman forced surgically manipulated dogs to run on a treadmill until they collapsed from a heart attack. The dogs were killed, and the damage to their heart tissue was studied.

“In 1984, Baby Fae received a baboon heart at Loma Linda University Medical Center in California, and she lived for 20 days. After the failed chimpanzee transplant, Dr. Hardy continued research, and in 1987 his team transplanted a pair of lungs into a 29-year-old patient, leaving the heart in place.” Cooley. Many people did not agree with animal organs being in there bodies. The event brought criticism from all quarters—legal, ethical, moral, religious, financial, and governmental. On January 23,196, Boyd Rush, the patient Hardy has identified as a heart recipient, was dying of heart failure. Because of difficulties in obtaining a donor human heart, however, Hardy decided to proceed with a chimpanzee’s heart, which beat for ninety minutes before failing. Hardy then had prepared himself for a certain amount of criticism, but he thought most of it would come from the general public. He was defamed at national surgical meetings and his clinical works was questioned. The criticism omitted after Journal of the American Medical Association published a June 1964 paper where Hardy detailed the strict guidelines he used in selecting both donor and recipient, his work in the labs leading up to transplant, and the strong scientific basis for the act. A national moratorium on organ transplantation followed Hardy’s heart transplant because doctors still has to overcome the problem of organ rejection, but his pioneering work played a vital role

Every year, millions of animals are killed for the purpose of classroom dissections. These animals include but are not limited to frogs, fetal pigs, sharks, mudpuppies, pigeons, mice, foxes, turtles, dogs and cats. The majority of animals used in dissections cannot be used again, leading to a demand in more animals for dissection each year. The use of live and preserved specimens has been the preferred method in both high school and college biology classrooms. However, there is growing concern as to the effectiveness and necessity of dissections. If cruelty-free options are available and have been proven to be just as, or more effective than traditional methods, then the basic ethical principle rules that we chose the less harmful method (Balcombe,

The term animal procedure refers to any act that may cause an animal a level of pain, suffering or distress.

Almost everyone dreads the confinement of the doctor’s office where the probability of getting a couple annual shots and blood tests is more than likely. The current human population in the United States is over 300 million people. The average American visits a doctor’s office four times a year and then goes on with their daily lives. To over 100 million animals, about a third of the human population in the United States, this dreadful day is the animals’ daily lives as they become familiar with scientific doctors. Animal experimentation is one of the oldest practices still used in the status quo. Descriptive accounts of dissections of live animals from approximately 500 BC is not foreign to this day with over 100 million animals often senselessly killed in the United States alone for medical, educational, or cosmetic business purposes. Although this practice was originally used to learn more about the animal anatomy, it was later used to discover life-saving cures and to test new discoveries. However, with the support of recent discoveries, many have rightfully deemed this a controversial practice. Animal experimentation is a flawed practice because stark differences in the biology of humans and non-human animals, animal testing being an archaic practice, and testing being ineffective.

​Animals have long been regarded as science experiment tools. Since the 16th century, many people have believed that experimenting on animals would help humans to explore organs and use them to practice as a substitute for the human body. Even though some animals have similar organs as humans’ bodies, there is still a big

The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 hours after the end of each experimental period. The abdomen was incised and the pancreas of each animal was excised and exposed by a pair of scissors; thereafter the pancreas was washed with saline, pinned on a wax platform.The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 hours after the end of each experimental period. The abdomen was incised and the pancreas of each animal was excised and exposed by a pair of scissors; thereafter the pancreas was washed with saline, pinned on a wax platform.