Riluzole And Cytoplasm

Concussions are complex cerebral injuries that result in a series of metabolic events within the brain. The changes are seen in the fragile neuronal homeostatic balances where changes in the elevations of glutamate and potassium have been identified. The effects of concussions have also been seen in the functioning of the brain rather than in the structure of the brain itself. Being identified as mild traumatic brain injuries, occurring due to a bump or jolt to head or neck, concussions can result in both short-term and long-term effects. Although most individuals are able to recover from these head injuries, a small but relevant portion of individuals have been found to suffer from chronic long-term effects including early onsets of Alzheimer disease, clinical depression and other cognitive complications. The occurrence of a secondary concussion during the recovery phase of a primary concussion, also recognized as the second impact syndrome, has been shown to increase the risk for long-term effects of cerebral and neurological failure as the neurons have become incapable of experiencing normal functions after an initial traumatic brain injury. The recoveries from these initial concussions are critical to prevent the onset of long-term effects.

Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within the cell and outside the nucleus. Chemical reactions are carried out in the cytoplasm.

Trauma patients often present paramedics with difficult situations to handle. These patients most likely have multiple injuries that the paramedic must treat including internal and external injuries. The main concern in treating trauma patients is controlling the pain that the patient may be experiencing while not compromising the patients hemodynamic and respiratory state. The most common drugs used in pain management in the pre-hospital setting often cause undesirable side effects, such as respiratory depression, hypotension, apnea, and bradycardia. All of these side effects combined with a trauma patient who is already compromised can lead to a much bigger issue. What if there was a drug that could treat the pain, calm the patient, and not cause the nasty side effects of traditional pain management? Ketamine provides us the answer to this question.

The cytosol is also present in the Plant, Animal, and Prokaryotic cells. The cytosol is the thick, gelatin-like liquid in the cell that accounts for almost 70% of its volume. The cytosol of a cell is the substance in which the organelles are suspended and it provides the proper conditions for their function and movement. The cytosol was discovered by Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George E. Palade in 1835.

Wide range of medications are used to alleviate pain symptoms and carry out procedures depending on the nature of injury

The aim of the pharmacology is pain management. The medications given are able to reduce the frequency and severity of the attacks seen with the disease. One of the medication is corticosteroids which is able to cut an attack time short. Corticosteroids, such as Prednisone, are a class of drug based of a component of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis that control immune responses and reduce inflammation. The mechanism of action of the class is reducing the body’s autoimmune response and inhibits it from attacking its own tissues as it does in MS. The decrease in time and inflammation can result in decrease damage to the brain and spinal cord leading to a reduce progression of the disease. The steroids should only be used for a short period of time because long-term side effects. Some side effects include insomnia, headache, and suppression of immune system. The steroids sometime has to be given in combination therapy with antibiotics such as Sulfamethoxazole to fight possible infections. The chance of infections increases with the suppression of the immune system. Other drugs take care of symptoms such as muscle spasms, incontinence, and

Some drugs work by mimicking or otherwise affecting neurotransmitters in the brain. Provide an example of a drug that does this, and how it works. Be specific, for example talk about what happens to the neurons, synapse, reuptake, etc. 10 pts.

All cells need nutrients to carry out biochemical reactions, produce proteins, and build structural support. Nutrients such as carbon and oxygen, which are used by the cell in the largest quantities, are the main component of cellular material. Nitrogen is a constituent of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins - nutrients that carry out virtually all biological processes. Magnesium, calcium, iron, and potassium salts are some cofactors required for enzymatic activity. Finally, water plays the role of the solvent in nearly all of the functions being driven within a cell; enzymatic activity and cellular respiration are dependent on the cell's water levels, and the cell itself is 70% water. No cell would be able to function or

This research paper is being written to address Amyotrophic lateral disease (ALS), which is a chronic and terminal disease that affects the lower and upper motor neurons (Srivastava, 2014). ALS is usually fatal within a few years of inception and affects 2-5 per 100,000 people annually worldwide (Donnelly, Grima, & Sattler, 2014). This disease usually affects the patient physically and emotionally and as well as their support system. As of this year, no cure has been developed for this disease. The only drug that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) thus far, is a drug that goes by the name Riluzole (Srivastava, 2014). Although Riluzoles is not a cure, it has been effective of lengthening the patients’ life without successful improving the quality of their lives (Srivastava, 2014). While the cause of this disease is unknown, several researchers and clinical drug trails has been conducted, and researchers has determined that this disease is a candidate for stem cells therapy (Srivastava, 2014). This research paper goes in great detail in explaining the pathophysiology, assessments findings (both objectives and subjective), and the type of treatments that is being used to slow down this disease.

From a statistical information from the World Health Organization (WHO), patients who suffer from spinal cord injury (SCI) are around 250,000-500,000 people every year \cite{who2013}. An incidence of SCI mostly occurs from the unpreventable cause such as falls, traffic accidents, sports, and violence. SCI sufferers in males are higher than females at least 2 times. However, the major cause of SCI is the accidents \cite{who2013}. Consequently, we cannot certainly prevent or control numbers of SCI patients. SCI is the injury of the nervous system which can lead to permanent neurological deficits. A disruption of impulse conduction is a cause of non-functional body depending upon an injured level. Classification of SCI consists of 2 phases that are an acute phase and chronic phase

2. The rigorous protocols and tightly selective objects in basic research restrict the generalizability which may be applicable in clinical. Some neuroprotective agents have promising results in experiment, but they may not have any beneficial effects in clinical trials, or the results may be different between different clinical centers.

An individual’s behavior and emotion becomes chemically altered often resulting in dependency, aggression, onset of diseases and poor judgement. This poses a dangerous threat to the neurotransmitters since they have multiple jobs in different parts of the brain. Drugs of abuse are able to exert influence over the brain reward pathway either by directly influencing the action of dopamine within the system, or by altering the activity of other neurotransmitters that exert a modulatory influence over this pathway. These drugs are often powerful and have been known to trigger schizophrenic behavior and can also cause a person to cease breathing, for example hallucinogens such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are able to artificially stimulate the serotonin receptor (Sapolsky, 2005).

This research utilized calcium channel blockers to measure the contribution of calcium uptake in relation to the vesicular glutamate released into the extracellular space. After the calcium channels were blocked glutamate was applied directly to the extracellular space and the animals ability to remove the glutamate was measured. The results showed that animals with traumatic brain injuries had significantly higher levels of extracellular glutamate evidenced by a nearly 80% increase when compared to the healthy mice (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). This showed that calcium mediated neuronal glutamate release may contribute to the cytotoxicity experienced by patients affected by traumatic brain injury.

The cytoplasm is the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains many important structures. This area is basically the main place where you will find structures that help the cells stay alive.

In 1995, Riluzole (Rilutek) was the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Adminstration used in the medical treatement of ALS patients. Riluzole is believed to help decrease the amount of glutamate released which reduces the damage to the motor neurons affected. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, “Clinical trials with ALS patients showed that riluzole prolongs survival by several months, mainly in those with difficulty swallowing. The drug also extends the time before an individual needs ventilation support.”11 However, riluzole has not been proven to be effective in preventing or delaying muscle weakness and riluzole can not reverse the damage that might have already been done to motor neurons prior to taking this medication. Since this is the first disease-specific medication for patients suffering with ALS, through time and more research new medication or combinations of medications can be created to help combat the