RISK ALLOCATION IMPORTANCE IN PROJECT STRUCTURING AND CURRENT PRACTICES
I. Introduction
Project finance is best understood in terms of a risk allocation which reconciles the potentially conflicting objectives of borrowers and lenders by utilizing the long-term economic and commercial linkages between the sponsors, lenders and third party participants involved with a project. (Howcroft &Fadhley, 1998).
In theory, the basic principle of risk allocation for the project finance is “Allocating project risks to the most suitable participant whose risk preference is higher” (Xiao, 2003).
Severe consequences follow from the failure to accurately identify and allocate risks. These consequences often extend beyond the immediate parties to the
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In this paper, an extensive literature review is undertaken to evaluate the importance of risk allocation to project stakeholders and discuss current practices. However, the complexity of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper. Hence, the attention is towards the direct participants, even though other stakeholders will also be tangentially mentioned. Also, as PPP is developing fast in the area of project finance and its importance is increasing, I have used it to illustrate some of the points made in the current risk allocation practices.
II. Importance of risk allocation in structuring from the angle of stakeholders
The structure of a project’s financing depends on the industry the transaction is taking place, the underlying business model and in particular the allocation of risks and responsibilities between the individual partners (Weber & Alfen, 2010).
Risk allocation is performed as part of the development of the project structure, which takes into account the distribution of responsibilities and risks during the planning, construction, financing and operating phases (Corner, 2006). The aim is to identify an efficient and effective structure that optimises the costs of the project and ensures that the risk occurrences do not damage the project (Delmon, 2009). According to Grimsey and Lewis (2007) risk allocation has two elements: optimal risk management and value for money. The first implies that the
The following short case will give you a good idea of how risks surface in business and project planning and what companies do about it. Consider that you are the Risk Manager as you look at this case, as it will be a good exercise for the time when you will be that Risk Manager!
6. How should you value a project in a line of business with risk that is different than the average risk of your firm’s projects?
a) Discounted cash flows from the projects by the suitable division of a hurdle rate to get the net present value which financially makes sense since risks among different divisions do vary.
Kerzner (2009) defines procurement and contracting as the "process that involves two parties with different objectives who interact on a given market segment." (p. 840) As with every phase of project management, proper planning is key to the success of any project by ensuring the project gets the most out of any supplier relationships. This paper will define the project procurement planning process and how risk management affects that process.
Accurately assessing and mitigating any project finance risks is an utmost component which enables to deliver a successful project initiative. The complexity of such investments requires an extra careful analysis in order to avoid the breach of the initial assumptions which would eventually jeopardize the feasibility of the project. Consequently, Papadopoulos should elaborate a list which identifies the various risks that could
project a good investment? Second, if we have more than one good project, but we can take only one of them, which one should we take? The main point of this chapter is that only the NPV criterion can always provide the correct answer to both questions. For this reason, NPV is one of the two or three most important concepts in finance, and we will refer to it many times in the chapters ahead. When we do, keep two things in mind: (1) NPV is always just the difference between the market value of an asset or project and its cost, and (2) the financial manager acts in the shareholders’ best interests by identifying and taking positive NPV projects. Finally, we noted that
An Internal Rate of Return (IRR) should also be calculated for every project and used in a project portfolio management system. Projects that have a high IRR should be favored over those with a lower IRR. Project risks should also be assessed and evaluated as part of the project selection criteria that establishes the balance of risks over rewards in an organization (Bishop, 2012).The use of project risk rating comes in the form of weighing factor rather than a direct project ranking criteria used in project selection. Therefore before any organization makes a decision to take up a project they should really think of the risks
Construction is a risky industry and there is no other industry that requires proper application of business practices much as construction industry. The main objective of this research is to gain understanding of risk factors faced by building projects. The study also aims to investigate the effectiveness of risk preventive and imitative methods. From this Research paper we can find the most important risk factors are: financial failure of the contractor, Environmental risk like natural disasters, closure, defective design and delayed payments on contract. On the other hand, owner respondents concluded that the most important risk factors are: awarding the design to unqualified designer, defective design, occurrence of accidents, difficulty to access the site, and inaccurate quantities.
Probability is a number greater than zero and less than one. By using risk impact we assessed the probabilities and effects of the cost risk and then prioritized these risks regarding to their rating scale and importance. A high risk probability meant a high cost impact. In addition, multiplying probability by impact helped us to measure the exposure rate which represented the overall threat of the cost risk. We generally gave a great attention to deal first with risks that have high rates, using the probability and impact matrix as a reference during the entire project development course.
Construction projects are characterized as very complex projects, where uncertainty comes from various sources. This paper deals with the identification of risk by different methods, types of risks associated with construction project and different risk mitigation techniques. In the construction industry, risk is often referred to as the presence of potential or actual threats or opportunities that influence the objectives of a project during construction, commissioning, or at time of use. Risk is also defined as the exposure to the chance of occurrences of events adversely or favorably affecting project objectives as a consequence of uncertainty. Pure risk in which there is the possibility of financial loss but no possibility of financial
This research is high standard but however comprehensive. This research will support project managers to decide whether they have all the elements of a risk management and an asset management system in place. This could be the matter even if the term risk management and asset management is not identified within the project. This research can be applied to review whether the project elements are combined and the interfaces between them optimised. Risk management successfully installed in the project offers the chance to gain a clear understanding of the goals, duties and contents of the service and the feasibility of the project. It provides an information basis for the quantitative data, sorted according to size, for the purpose of supporting decisions, such as e.g. the choice between costs and implementing goods or the comparison between several possible options. For this, however, it is necessary that a high quality of the status of information is always available in order to make determinations on the basis of useable and comprehensive information. Risk management can therefore only be implemented and enforced effectively if communication channels in the enterprise are created, which guarantee the direction of the information to the places concerned in each case. Through the risk management used, the overall risk of the project is broken down
These are the 7 types of the risks that are mainly occurs in the construction projects in the real world.1.Technical Risks: Incomplete Design, Inadequate specification, inadequate site investigation, Change in scope Construction procedures, insufficient resource availability 2. Construction Risks: Labor productivity, Labor disputes, Site condition, Equipment failures, Design changes, too high quality standard and new technology 3. Physical Risks: Damage to structure, Damage to equipment, Labor injuries, Equipment and material fire and theft 4. Organizational Risks Contractual relations, Contractor’s experience, Attitudes
Risk allocation in connection with the individual perspectives, goals and requirements of the various project stakeholders
Background: The goal of this study is to comprehend the contribution of risk management in project performance in the presence of other factors which are supposed to be key factors in project success. This study involves
Project risk management these days is recognized as one of the important process of project management. Latest studies of project management has suggested that more focus should be on study of projects which are intra-alliance or inter-alliance networks. In the field of research about the risk management of project less attention is paid to the risk management in networked projects. The networked projects itself is a big concept, there are large number of people involved in a single network project to run it smoothly, different project participant from various alliance are grouped together to work as a team for a networked project, due to large numbers of people are involved conflicting objectives can be there which can