Cerebrovascular circulation is the movement of blood through the central veins and arteries supplying the brain. Blood supply to the brain is very important and with the help of four main arteries that is achieved. Those four main arteries consist of the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries. When there is an area of blockage or plaque formation in these vessels then a problem may occur. Carotid artery disease is common and increases the risk of having a stroke. The collateral circulation is an important aspect affecting the risk of stroke. The cerebral circulation will attempt to maintain constant cerebral perfusion even if there are changes within the system. If one major cerebral artery is occluded,
When an artery in the brain is block (ie; TIA) open collateral vessels can allow blood to
As mentioned above, strokes are pathophysiological changes. Ischemia which accounts for 87% of all strokes is a decrease or absent circulating blood which deprives neurons of necessary substrates. As there is no storage of glucose in the brain it leaves no opportunity for the chief ingredient for energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic metabolism (Shah, MD, n.d.). Ischemia is a medical condition diagnosed when tissues do not have a sufficient oxygen supply, therefor resulting in a decrease in ATP energy, leading to necrosis of tissue. Decreased oxygen supply to tissue (ischemia) is caused by a blockage in an artery mainly from an embolism. An embolism is the breakage of an atherosclerosis formed in any coronary arteries. This floats freely in the blood stream, which eventually may plug a major artery in the brain (stroke), heart (MI) or lungs (lung failure). A thrombus occurs when an already
The posterior cerebral arteries arise at this confluence, as do two small bridging arteries, the anterior and posterior communicating arteries. Cojoining the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis presumably improves the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of
Stroke previously known as Cerebrovascular accident is well-defined as ‘an abrupt cessation of cerebral circulation in one or more of the blood vessels distributing the brain. Due to the interruption or diminish of oxygen supply causes serious damage or necrosis in the brain tissues (Jauch, Kissella & Stettler, 2005). There is a presence of one or more symptoms such as weakness or numbness or paralysis of the face, arm or leg, difficulty speaking or swallowing, dizziness, loss of balance, loss of vision, sudden blurring or decreased vision in one or both eyes and headache. Stoke is categorised into two types, Ischaemic and haemorrhagic
Impaired cerebral blood flow disorders are extremely common and factors such as the lesion site, existing collateral’s, and the amount of tissue affected determines the actual neurological deficit that results. The impaired blood flow may have a number of causes. Things such as alterations in blood pressure, changes in the arterial walls, and occlusions of the arterial lumen are some of the more important causes.
In fairy tales, children are pushed into ovens, have their hands chopped off, are forced to sleep in coal bins, and must contend with wolves who've eaten their grandmother. In myths, rape, incest, all manner of gruesome bloodshed, child abandonment, and total debauchery are standard fare. We see more of the same in Bible stories, accentuated with dire predictions of terrors and abominations in an end of the world apocalypse that is more horrifying than the human imagination can even grasp.
Ischemic stroke is the blockage of blood vessels in the brain as a result of blood clots (thrombi), causing the portions of the brain nourished by the vessel and its tributaries to be starved of nutrients, poisoned, and to eventually die (“Symptoms
There are two major branches of strokes: those caused by narrowing or blockage of the arteries leading towards the brain, and those caused by blood vessel leaking or rupturing in the brain. Ischemic strokes account for approximately 87% of Stroke cases, which reduces the blood flow to the brain. About half of the Ischemic strokes are caused by clotting in small or large arteries, a smaller portion are caused by
The research question and hypothesis are extremely important to conduct any type of research study. The research question presents the idea that is to be examined in the study and is the foundation of the research study. Where, hypothesis attempts to answer the research question. The hypothesis is a prediction of what the study will find (Wood & Haber, 2014). The research question being studied in this quantitative study is “ Does tobacco cessation program has an impact on veterans with substance use disorder (SUDs) in reducing the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs?” The researcher is trying to evaluate the impact of the tobacco cessation program on veterans seeking treatment with the substance abuse disorder (SUDs). The hypothesis being studied is “The tobacco cessation program will have a positive impact on veterans with SUDs in reducing the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs”. According to the article, the tobacco cessation program does have a positive impact on veterans with SUDs. At 1-month follow-up, 88 participants out of 97 reported abstinence from alcohol, 89 reported abstinence from other drugs and 14 reported abstinence from tobacco (Vest, Kane, DeMarce, Barbero, Harmon, Hawley, & Lehmann, 2014).
Cerebrovascular disease, also known as vascular dementia, is the second to most common form of dementia. It is characterized by blood vessels changing over time in the cerebrum (brain). The most common reason for vascular dementia is due to aging of the body; but it is also tied to cholesterol and the state of the walls of the blood vessels. Too much cholesterol and overall poor health of blood vessels can cause a thickness in the lining of the vessel walls, therefore cutting off some of the blood flow to the brain.
Correspondingly, there are two pathways that transports blood to the brain called internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. The internal carotid artery has three layers call the tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima. Tunica intima is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastin. The basilar artery forms and it branches out to the posterior cerebral arteries. The posterior cerebral arteries form the internal carotid arteries and when they connect they make cerebral arterial circle ( circle of willis). The middle cerebral arteries branch out two separate arteries called the anterior cerebral arteries. Each of these arteries are the force that direct the blood flow to the brain. There are three tiny vascular systems that work together to profuse the deep brain. Which are the pial, subependymal, and lenticulostriate arteries. The small area of white matter that depends on blood flow is called the subcortical “shed water” area. The subcortical is more prone than other areas of the brain to have ischemia. The leading cause of ischemia is the fibrin builds up and this cause a narrowing of the lumen. Which does not allow the flow of red blood cells and deprives the white matter of tissue of oxygen. The tissue then losses density and produces white matter lesions. The neurons become demyelinated which leads to loss of cognitive ability.
When I was younger my mother would say that I spoke with a New Yorker accent. Words would fly out of my mouth a mile a minute, but others couldn’t me. I had a speech problem for sure, I wasn’t able to pronounce my r’s. As hard as I tried they would turn into w’s as soon as they left my mouth. I was a late bloomer as a child, I didn’t start walking till I was 14 months and I wasn’t truly speaking until I was around 2 1/2 years old. My older siblings spoke for me, so there was no reason for me to talk to my parents or others at such a young age. The affects of me inability to speak correctly didn’t hit until I was in first grade. My teacher said it inhibited my ability to fully grasp onto the curriculum. I didn’t believe that, I just thought she didn’t want to listen to me talk and that sh wouldn’t be able to understand when I answered or asked questions in class. Not only that but I wasn’t able to make that many friends because this and would get taunted and teased. At this point I realised that speaking clearly was my Ithaca and the journey that endures of my speech problem, was Odysseus’ long twenty years home.
The second most common example of CVD is carotid artery disease, which affects the carotid arteries. The carotid arteries supply blood to your brain where you can have the symptom of a stroke. These symptoms may include; sudden weakness, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, loss of consciousness and many more.
A stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects the cerebral arteries, those blood vessels that carry blood to the brain. A stroke occurs when one of those blood vessels in the brain is obstructed or ruptures flooding the brain with blood. Depriving blood and oxygen to the brain results in those immediate cells death, causing the brain not to function properly. Once parts of the brain stop functioning, it can directly affect the areas of the body controlled (1).
Cerebral vascular accident or a stroke is the destruction of brain substance, resulting from thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, or embolism, which causes vascular insufficiency. In addition, it is an area of the brain denied blood and oxygen that is required and damage is done to a part of the cells. The effect of the patient depends upon where the damage occurs and the severity of the stroke.