Risks Of Holding Sovereign Currencies As Reserve Currencies

dollar was close to an eight year shortage against the real, having lost more than 33% of its value during 2009 alone. During the past 12 month era, the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar (USD) has diverse from a low of BRL R $1.5310 to in height of BRL $1.7790. During 2010, the United States dollar typically kept an everyday exchange rate between (BRL) R$1.70 and (BRL) R$1.80, occasionally reducing below the (BRL) R$1.70 level.

The exchange rates risk that is associated with economic, transaction, and translation exposure in Indian market. From the analysis, anticipate the fluctuations that seem to occur in the next 24 months

The US dollar is used in the majority of the international transactions and therefore that happens to the American economy, will influence the international financial resources. Dollars bring big consequences both for the USA and for other countries. The economy of many countries depends on currency dollar. The increase in its course reduces the volume of the income in dollars for the country. And change of US dollar more considerably, than change of an exchange rate of the country. On the

A currency exposure is any business operation whose profitability can be impacted by a currency exchange rate fluctuation.

Which goes back on how the dollar is back up. Another deal that countries see is that they can also exchange the Yuan which they have, to the federal banks of China into gold since their money is control in a gold standard economy.

The financial crisis of 2008 has been described as the worst financial crisis the world has seen since the great depression, but there are now murmurings of the potential for an even greater financial crisis, a currency crisis, caused by the demise of the US Dollar. The Dollar has been the reserve currency of the world since it took over from the Pound at the end of world war two, but we examine if it is about to crash spectacularly?

Throughout the 20th century, the United States has slowly constructed a global system of control. Its superior military, weaponry and intelligence apparatus have been crucial in this system, but an equally important factor has been its control of the global economy, and its primary weapon, the U.S. Dollar. The dollar’s world reserve status alone does not make it unique, but its deeply rooted role in American and global geo-politics certainly does. As Vassili Fouskas and Bülent Gökay point out in their book The New American Imperialism, “Dollar hegemony has always been strategic to the future of American global dominance, in many respects more important than America’s overwhelming military power. While military power is more visible and useful as a display, it is the dollar’s role as reserve currency that secures the domination of the U.S. in the global economic market place”. [1] This system is built on serious fault lines and its future is the most important issue for international relations today.

In the similar time period Japanese Yen has been in the third position with a turnover position of 20.8% in the year 2005. The overall financial market currency structure has seen a decline in the turnover position of the US Dollar to 85% from a strong position of 88%. Similarly a decline has been in the position of the Japanese Yen to 17.2% from an acceptable turnover position of 20.8%. While considering the trend of these two currencies during the period starting from 2007 and ending at 2010, it is to be noted that minute changes were seen in the two different currencies with regards to their share in foreign currency market. The US Dollar witnessed a continued fall to 84.9% from its previous 85.6% however, the Japanese Yen saw a rise from its previous position of 17.2% to an increase of1.8% that is 19%. During the same time period the US dollar and Japanese Yen were the second most traded paired currencies and was traded at around 14% of the overall foreign currency market second to the US Dollar and Euro pair. Conclusion The foreign exchange market has seen considerable changes owing to the global financial crisis. It is to be seen how different factors like economy and global politics further impact strong currencies like the US Dollar and other competing currencies such as the Japanese Yen.

There is one danger, and that is that inflation will become a problem. If there are more and more dollars being printed, while the velocity of money will still flow at a very fast pace, dollars could potentially lose their value. Even worse, as the government mismanages money, the danger is that the rest of the world no longer has the faith in the dollar. This will mean that they might no longer accept dollars, and that would result in a lot of money with no place to go. This can result in hyper-inflation like with what happened with Germany before World War 2. However, at the moment, the rest of the world has also printed lots of their currency, so the dollar remains the best bet. If you are nervous about hyper inflation,

The dollar is the most widely used and most influential currency throughout the globe. This has allowed it to do many things including having other countries rely on it. This allows the US to exert its influence internationally. This also lets the US keep the possibility of a balance of payments crisis near improbable. This is because other countries trust in the dollar and its safety. When other countries buy our bonds or provide loans, they do so in dollars. This is advantageous to the US because it allows us to

As the U.S. economy continues to show signs of growth and QE comes to an end, increasing the interest rates may be the right move for the U.S. economy, however emerging markets will suffer. Dollar denominated debt outside the United States currently accounts for $9 trillion with emerging markets amassing $3.3 trillion. Countries such as Turkey, Brazil and South Africa, who perpetually run trade deficits, finance

Foreign currencies are an asset to the Fed. The Fed controls the foreign-exchange rate of its currency to foreign currencies by buying and selling foreign currency. When the dollar is too strong on foreign currency on the Fed's view, and they want the U.S. dollar to be weaker, and then the Fed will sell U.S. dollars and buy foreign currency. This transaction causes the monetary base to increase. However, in order to sterilize the effect of intervention on the supply of Federal Reserve balances, the FOMC would then sell an equal amount of U.S. Treasury bills for cash in the open market to raise the supply of balances back to its former level. The operations have no net effect on the level of foreign currency balances at the foreign central bank

Deutsche Bank (Karczmar, 2004) suggests that the euro could eventually challenge the dollar as a reserve currency, but the euro is still far behind the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency, representing just 24.2 percent of the world banking reserves in the 2013 third quarter (International Monetary Fund, 2013). Numerous economists endorse the United States’ ability to safely continue its external deficits. Cooper (2001) poses the argument in its simplest form:

1. The gold standard and the money supply. Under the gold standard all national governments promised to follow the “rules of the game”. This meant defending a fixed exchange rate. What did this promise imply about a country’s money supply? A country’s money supply was limited to the amount of gold held by its central bank or treasury. For example, if a country had 1,000,000 ounces of gold and its fixed rate of exchange was 100 local currency units per ounce of gold, that country could have 100,000,000 local currency units outstanding. Any change in its holdings of

Reserve assets are instruments available with government authorities for financing or regulating payment imbalances, it comprises of monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs) and foreign exchange. Central bank and treasuries use this instrument in financing the deficit. The reserves are also the balancing figure of the balance of payment account. If sufficient reserves are not available, a country needs to borrow money from institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF).