Risperidone

risperidone whereas in this one there was a fixed dose to limit breach in blinding and to facilitate comparison between similar groups, also having this fixed dosage helped prevent bias because when using a titrating schedule of dosing in a randomized trial, it tends to show bias toward a desired goal. Risperidone in this study was well tolerated and there weren’t significant differences in weight gain or sedation(13). One of the main things disliked about risperidone is its tendency to increase the incidence of dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal side effects. In this study only mild and transient dyskinesias were seen in only 3 children, however that could be due to the low fixed dosage(13) of the study.

Compare the solubility of various forms of panadol at body temperature in different pH conditions

Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of theophylline anhydrous in conjunction with microcrystalline cellulose, led to the formation of the monohydrate form of the drug. This is significant because the monohydrate has slower dissolution than the anhydrous form of theophylline. Thus the method of manufacture is highly important as the study showed directly compressed pellets had better dissolution profiles. Also it shows the importance of the choice of excipients as pellets manufactured via wet granulation in the absence of microcrystalline cellulose showed similar release to that of directly anhydrous theophylline.

Psychotropic drugs are not meant to be an instant solution; they are intended to work alongside a therapy in hopes that in taking them will bring about some significant improvements in therapy. They just take the edge off so the patient can start working on their coping skills and manage their symptoms better.

What if the density of the pill affects the dissolving time in the hydrochloric acid? During this experiment, this question will be answered. The denser the pill, then the longer dissolving rate when time is a function of the dissolving rate. Tablets, coated tablets, gel capsules, and hard capsules will be tested, and all of these each have a different densities.

Risperidone is benzisoxazole derivatives of antipsychotic properties due to its high antagonistic effect on serotonin-5HT2 and dopamine-D2 receptors that magnifies its action in treatment of positive and negative schizophrenia with less extrapyramidal side effects and relapse probability (Rainer, 2008). Chemically it is C23H27FN4O2 (Bladania et al., 2008) (Figure 1). It is a weak base that is practically water insoluble, the solubility is pH dependent, it is highly soluble at acidic pH with significant decrease as pH increases up to pH 6.8 with minimum solubility at pH 8 (Saibi et al., 2012). Its bioavailability is about 70% with high protein binding ability (88%). It is extremely metabolized in liver to the active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone

The purpose of this investigation is to find out if the coating on pills makes it harder to dissolve.

The influence of various substances as compounds potentially interfering with the determination of risperidone was studied under optimum conditions with 300.0 μM risperidone at pH 7.0. The potentially interfering substances were determined from the group of substances commonly detected with risperidone in pharmaceuticals. The tolerance limit was specified as the maximum concentration of the interfering substance that caused an error of less than ±5% in the measurement of risperidone. According to the results, neither a 1000-fold excess of methanol, ethanol, NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, SO42−, Al3+, SO42−NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, CO32−, Cl− or F−, CO32−, alanine, phenylalanine did not affect the selectivity, nor a 50-fold excess of levodopa, carbidopa, methyldopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine and methylphenidate interfered with the determination of risperidone.

SV (figure. 1) is antihyperlipidemic compounds which can reduce about 30% of LDL and total cholesterol in the body. In addition, SV was more tolerated by the body [1] than other antihyperlipidemic drugs, so that it became the drug of choice for most patients with hyperlipidemia [2]. Unfortunately, its solubility in water is very low, and it correlates with very low bioavailability [3]. One potential method to improve the simvastatin's solubility was made by co-crystal form. Co-crystal is a crystal whose a structured arrangement, consists of two main compounds (the active substance and the crystal-forming components) known as co-former with a certain stoichiometric ratio [4]. ASP and SAC are two examples of co-formers that used to increase solubility

EC used also in used in quantification analysis of risperidone [20-21].However, it is used in pharmacokinetic studies is restricted due to long time for stabilizing the detector, interference of endogenous compound as well as the limitation of mobile phase. Methods using Mass spectrometry detector combined with Liquid chromatography(LC–MS and LC–MS-MS) have been developed.

Marcela Ramirez-Campos Y et al reported that the effect of formulation variables on verapamil hydrochloride release from hydrated HPMC matrices, among different variables that influence drug release from hydrated hydrophilic matrices, the polymer proportion, the drug dose and the matrix pH can be included. The release profiles showed zero order kinetics for drug dissolution proportions up to 70%.The increase of the matrix pH from 5.0 to 8.0 increased the release rate. The effect of both pH and drug load becomes lesser as the matrix polymer proportion increases from 5% to 15% w/w.

Behavioural alteration observed following administration of Risperidone and tramadol orally were ptosis, nodding, dropping of head, staggery gait and sternal recumbency. All the animals became sedated following the oral premedication, and could be handled easily.

The various lead compounds can be initially tested and virtual screened by high-throughput screenings (HTS) to evaluate their properties in biochemical reactions, and then the lead compounds will be optimized through altering their molecular structure. Several physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics properties of the lead compounds will be established, such as lipophilicity, solubility, ionization, molecular size and H-bonding. The process of lead optimization can not only improves lead compounds’ physicochemical properties, but also makes them more effective and safer. Simultaneously, medicinal chemists begin to consider about chemical manufacture and control (CMC), such as synthesis, formulation, delivery mechanism and large-scale manufacturing. The optimized lead compound could ultimately evolve into a new drug candidate. The function of pre-clinical research is to assess all of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetics parameters prior to clinical trials. Or, to put it another way, whether the lead compound is safe enough to move on to clinical trials depends on pre-clinical research. For example, pharmaceutical researchers carry out pharmacokinetics (PK) testing which involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), and toxicology to estimate the safety starting dose through in vitro and in vivo testing. After these complicated and rigorous pre-clinical trials, scientists have

Colloidal drug carriers offer a number of potential advantages as delivery systems for, weakly soluble compounds. The first generation of colloidal carriers, in particular liposomes and submicron-sized lipid emulsions are, however, associated with several drawbacks which so far have prevented the wide use of these carriers in drug delivery. As an alternative colloidal delivery system melt emulsified nanoparticles based on solid lipids have been proposed. Careful physicochemical characterization has demonstrated that these lipid-based nanosuspensions (solid lipid nanoparticles) are not just emulsions with solidified droplets. Colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles can be used to improve the therapeutic

More than one third of the drugs listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia fall into the poorly water-soluble or water-insoluble categories. It was reported a couple of decades ago that more than 41% of the failures in new drug development is attributed to poor biopharmaceutical properties, including water insolubility. Water insolubility can postpone or totally halt new drug development and can prevent much essential reformula-tion of currently marketed