Rna Case Study

A sample of urine was taken from a patient with kidney disease was labeled as

To develop nursing career in an environment that offers tremendous potential for professional growth and achievement; exploring opportunities offered with impactful challenges utilizing my experience, skills and passion.

Chronic kidney disease is a growing problem with increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed and those beginning dialysis or the transplant process. “Currently, 26 million Americans have CKD…and 111,000 patients were newly diagnosed with end-stage renal disease in 1 year” (Castner, 2010, p. 26). Chronic kidney disease develops over years and can be considered a silent disease because many patients with this disease are diagnosed while being tested for another condition. Signs and symptoms of the disease are dependent on the cause,

Structurally, miRNAs are initially transcribed from the genome as a long primary transcript that are cleaved or undergoes sequential processing by the RNAse III endonucleases Drosha and Dicer to yield the 17-23 mature nucleotide species (Kim, 2005). Mature miRNAs enters the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), thus a multiprotein complex that separate the mature strand from passenger strand and assists the interaction of mRNAs with miRNA that contain complementary sequences (Bader, 2012). As a result, mRNAs targeted by miRNA loads are either degraded or silenced in order not to be translated into protein. In the genome, a given miRNA can regulate several hundred transcripts whose molecules function within various cellular pathways including cell proliferation and apoptosis. To date, more than 50% of the activities of all protein-coding genes in mammals are controlled by miRNAs and greatly contributes to cell-type specific profiles of protein expression

Introduction: Mutation within cell populations are seldom.1 The mutS gene in E.coli takes part in the repair and recombination of DNA.2 When mutS was deleted from E.coli in a previous study, the mutation rate increased when compared to the wild type strain.2 Rifampicin is known for its inhibition of RNA Polymerase production.3 Without RNA Polymerase, RNA is incapable of production and thus protein synthesis ceases within the cell, resulting in cell death. We hypothesize that since mutS repairs recombinant DNA within E. coli, the deletion of the mutS gene will increase the mutation rate of E. coli.

MiR-21 has been found to be over expressed in 20 pancreatic carcinoma tissues and cell lines compared to normal tissue or cell lines. (15)

Deciphering MECP2-associated disorders: disrupted circuits and the hope for repair). Recently, Mellios and collaborators identified novel MECP2-regulated miRNAs during the human prenatal neurodevelopment. Utilizing human patient- and MeCP2 knockdown-derived monolayer neuronal culture and organoids models, they found an upregulation of the expression levels of miR-199 and miR-214 and their downstream targets (PAK4 and PTEN, respectively), that differentially regulate extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and mitogen-activated kinase and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) signalling pathways upstream of neurogenesis. The miR199/214 overexpression was correlated with aberrant neurogenesis and neuronal migration, whereas the inhibition of their expression rescues these effects, suggesting that the neurogenesis may be impacted in RTT via MeCP2-regulated miRNAs that acts as important effectors of neuronal development modulating molecular pathways involved in proliferation and differentiation (Mellios N et al, MeCP2-regulated miRNAs control early human neurogenesis through differential effects on ERK and AKT signaling. Molecular Psychiatry (2017) 00,

Seeing how the results of each urine sample do not match the characteristics of healthy urine, it should be noted that all samples tested throughout the lab experiment each contain problems caused by diseases existing in the kidneys. To start, sample W comprises of one common scenario that indicates the presence of a kidney condition - that is the high concentrations of the macromolecule glucose that were found. When significant amounts of glucose are detected in urinalysis, it is most likely that the individual has a case of diabetes, notably type 1 and type 2. Complications arise when excessive amounts of glucose take up the liver. To illustrate, due to the large size of the glucose molecule, in comparison to other molecules that the kidneys filter, it harms the

miRNA shuttles offer stable gene silencing, flexibility in design, and effective delivery to target tissues with the help of AAV vectors, making their use an option worth exploring for treatment of various neuromuscular

All of the studies took place from 2004 to 2013. The meta-analysis found similar results compared to those of Vicentini and colleagues. Three of the studies found no significant difference in the expulsion rate between the two drugs. Yet overall, tamsulosin had a significantly higher rate of passing of the kidney stones. The meta-analysis also addressed time differences in passing the stones. One study had no significant difference in expulsion time. The others found that tamsulosin was faster by variable amount of days. This time difference varied from as little as 2 days to up to 14 days. Location of the stone was also mentioned by the meta-analysis. The analysis found that expulsion rates were 48% for proximal ureteral stones, 60% for mid ureteral stones and 75% for lower ureteric stones. They also found that adverse events were slightly fewer in those that received tamsulosin. However, the difference was not statistically different. It is important to note that there were two reported serious adverse events in the nifedipine group. The severe adverse events were hypotension and palpitations and both disappeared upon discontinuation of nifedipine. The rate of the serious adverse events was also quite low (2 in 1,778 patients). While 20 mg was used by Vicentini and colleagues, 30 mg was the

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to a characteristic set of structural and functional kidney abnormalities in patients with diabetes.1 It is the most important long-term complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is a progressive condition with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It progresses in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in a relatively predictable manner through the stages of normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria which often heralds increasing creatinine as the final manifestation of overt diabetic nephropathy.2 One study at BPKIHS has reported 16.6% prevalence of diabetic nephropathy.3 In another study done at BPKIHS among 177 Type2 DM patients, 14.69% had frank proteinuria, 44.64% had micro-albuminuria and 40.68% were without proteinuria.4 Diabetes nephropathy is now the most common cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in United States accounting for 45%.5 From several studies it is seen that ESRD develops in 50% of Type 1 DM individuals with overt nephropathy within 10 years and in >75% by 20 years. In the absence of treatment a greater proportion with patient with Type 2 Diabetes compared with Type 1 Diabetes have microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy at or shortly after diagnosis of diabetes. This is because the disease may have been present for several years before

RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is revolutionizing transcriptome studies. It’s a highly reliable tool for measuring gene expression across the transcriptome. Also, it’s providing deep insight previously

exRNA was submitted to the Beijing Genome Institute (BGI, Shenzhen, China) for cDNA synthesis and RNA-Seq. Approximately 100 ng cDNA from each strain was each subject to illumina deep sequencing using BGISEQ-500 technology. A total of 27,084,174 clean sRNA reads was obtained from the cin1 mutant and 27,402,307 clean reads were obtained from WT (Table 1). The length of sRNA is between 18 nt and 30 nt. The initial sRNA annotation provided by BGI suggested that approximately 96% sRNA sequences were mapped to the available sRNA database including miRBase and Rfam. Further annotation, prediction, expression, screening of differentially expressed sRNA, and miRNA target prediction will be performed under the direction of Dr. Taylor. Using this methodology, we will determine the role of Cin1 in secretion and uptake of sRNA.

Background: High blood glucose fluctuation (BGF) contributes in chronic complications by promoting the dysfunction of vascular endothelium in diabetes. MicroRNA (miR)-34 family is known for its roles in the pathophysiology of diverse diseases including type 2 diabetes. However, the action of BGF on the expression of these miRs in diabetes is unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of BGF on the pathogenesis of diabetes and the possible involvement of miR-34 family in vivo.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is defined kidney disease attributed to diabetes (versus chronic kidney disease, which may be due to numerous etiologies including diabetes). ADA recommends screening for nephropathy 5 years after diagnosis for type 1 diabetes and at diagnosis for type 2 diabetes. Screening includes urine albumin excretion (albumin/gr creatinine). ADA no longer uses the terms “micro (< 30 ug/mg Cr) and macroalbuminuria (> ug/mg Cr)”, but defines albuminuria as a continuum. The term “microalbuminuria” implies less serious disease, which is not true. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is used to assess kidney function. Since it is difficult to measure GFR directly, the secretion of an endogenous filtration marker (e.g. serum creatinine) is used to estimated GFR (eGFR). eGFR depends on age, gender, weight and ethnicity. Younger people have higher eGFR due to more muscle mass and average creatinine generation rate (ref NKF FAQ GFR).