Rna World : A Possible Theory For Life Origin

RNA processing: In eukaryotic cells, introns, non-coding regions of RNA, are removed and a tail and a cap is added to RNA to help its movement.

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules. Reference Table 4.1.

The four nucleotide of RNA are Adenine and Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine. 18. You can find DNA in the nucleus of a cell. DNA contains all the information that is needed to produce proteins. 19.

3. A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of RNA molecules.

After the DNA has been turned into mRNA a process called translation occurs and it turns the mRNA into tRNA.

5. RNA developed before DNA because RNA could have been small and still would exist if it was able to fold into a more stable formation. The sequences that folded into a stable formation would be more likely to survive and duplicate that sequence.

The life of a teenage girl is already difficult enough but Melinda’s past makes it even harder. The book Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson is a realistic fiction novel. It expresses the themes of isolation, depression, and the importance of communication after traumatic events. The main characters of the book are Melinda, who narrates the book, Andy, Rachel, Ivy, Nicole, and David. Speak takes place at Merryweather High School in Syracuse, New York in present day. Throughout the story, Melinda interactions with people lead her to become more inclosed until she finally is able to speak out with the help of friends.

The Age of Exploration was a violent period in history when explorers unnecessarily took horrific actions in order to gain wealth and prominence. Discoverers killed and captured their way through the Americas in order to gain affluence. Terrorism can be defined as the systematic use of terror and these privileged conquerors unquestionably used violence and intimidation against the innocent lives of Native Americans. They disrupted and disfigured the lives of thousands. European Explorers during the Age of Exploration were terrorists because they killed thousands of Natives and turned them into slaves, deprived them of valuable resources, and destroyed significant societies and populations.

I plan on furthering and pursuing my craft of storytelling at USC. I look forward to collaborating with other creative minds as I do at my current college. At Diablo Valley College I am apart of the DVC film club and a member of the film production community. They are like my family and I plan on meeting and forming a new family filmmakers at USC to grow with. Along with meeting new collaborators, I also have multiple friends that live in the Los Angeles area that are in the film and music industry. I plan on working with them as well and combining the two communities of friends. I am certainly going to push myself to leave my comfort zone right away and not hold back. I am a strong believer in the idea that being in uncomfortable situations

Peter Nielson, along with many other scientists, have spent years creating and experimenting with a synthetic molecule called peptide nucleic acid (PNA). PNA is an artificial polymer that has many similarities to deoxyribonucleic

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the

One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.

According to astronomical research and geological evidence, scientist indicate the universe is approximately thirteen thousand eight hundred and twenty billion years old. The first link to humanity started with a primate group called Ardipithecus. While our ancestors have been around for about six million years, the modern form of humans only evolved about two hundred thousand years ago. The age of the Earth is estimated about four point fifty four billion years because that is the age of the oldest rocks with fossil evidence of life on earth. The oldest rocks on Earth found to date are the Acasta Gneisses in northwestern Canada near the Great Slave Lake, which are four point three billion years old. The study of the origin of life on Earth, more specifically abiogenesis, is the natural process of life arising from non-living matter. Life on Earth is believed to have began from organic compounds about three point eight to four billion years ago. Despite several competing theories for how life arose on Earth scientist only know when life first appeared on Earth and are still far from answering how it appeared. Since it is hard to prove or disprove them, no fully accepted theories of the origin of life exists.

One of the main theories is that life started by chemical means in a rock where water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen were all present then with the added effect of lightening simple organic molecules formed the building blocks of life. There was an experiment that was conducted in 1953 by Miller and Urey that supports that the conditions above could stimulate organic compounds to form. *copied “ The Miller-Urey experiment attempts to recreate the chemical conditions of the primitive Earth in the laboratory, and synthesized some of the building blocks of life.