Rod-Shaped Cell Case Study

There are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They include membrane-bound organelles, presence of a nucleus, and being multicellular or unicellular.

They can appear on the vulva, in or around the vagina or anus, on the

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? If you were to look at them through a light microscope, how could you tell? (0.5 point)

When it comes to Biology there are two important types of cells. One type would be Eukaryotic cells and the second type would be bacterial cells. All cells have four common cell structures, for example, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Eukaryotic and bacterial cells have five distinct structures with their unique functions. Eukaryotic cells are relatively larger than bacterial cells. Therefor, Eukaryotic cells have structures that have different functions compared to bacteria. Flagella, cell wall, plasma membrane, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and cytoplasm are structures that are common on both cell types but have a different function and location due to the size of the cells.

Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. Example. This paper will provide an explanation as to how bacteria decode the genetic information to produce

HPV is a class of more than 150 related viruses. Each HPV virus in this vast body receives a number which is called its HPV type. HPV is termed for warts (papillomas) some HPV types can cause. Some other HPV types can lead to cancer. HPV cancers consist of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. HPV infection can also cause cancer in the

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease and is the second most common cause of cancer among women. HPV is group of viruses that causes warts on mucosal surfaces like the cervix, rectum, anus, penis, vulva, and mouth or throat. This condition is associated with ovarian cancer, anal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. HPV belong to a family of viruses that cause cell changes in the epithelia resulting in benign skin lesions called warts and verrucae. Type 6 and 11 cause warts and are included under the low risk HPVs,Types 16,18,31,33,45 cause cervical cancer and are included under high risk HPVs(CDC,2014). The virus affects the skin and mucous membrane especially of the reproductive organs. Cervical Cancer and other Ano-genital cancers are seen in women with persistent genital HPV infection. HPV that affects the

The lag phase is when the organisms are first place into a new medium and will take time to get used the their new environment. During this phase, organisms will grow in size but cannot replicate. The next phase is the log phase. In this phase cells are dividing and growing at a very fast rate. DNA replication begins in this phase as well as their metabolic rate starts to increase rapidly. (Bacterial Growth Curve) Cells divide by binary fission. The organisms will eventually reach maximum growth and start to level off beginning the next phase, the stationary phase. In this phase, the bacterial population will start to slow down and stop dividing because the nutrients needed for them to grow are being used up. The pH and temperatures start to shift making the environment and unfavorable one and the accumulation of waste and toxic metabolites the growth starts to die off, transitioning into the last and final stage. (Bacterial Growth Curve) The death phase is when there is longer any nutrients to grow and to much waste has built up along with toxic materials, killing the cells. However, some organisms can withstand this environment and begin to produce endospores. (Bacterial Growth Curve)

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. HPV belong to a family of viruses that cause cell changes in the epithelia resulting in benign skin lesions called warts and verrucae. Type 6 and 11 cause warts and are included under the low risk HPVs,Types 16,18,31,33,45 cause cervical cancer and are included under high risk HPVs(CDC,2014). The virus affects the skin and mucous membrane especially of the reproductive organs. Cervical Cancer and other Ano-genital cancers are seen in women with persistent genital HPV infection. HPV that affects the skin can be transmitted by skin to skin contact with an affected person and Genital HPV is spread through Kissing and Oral

While doing this, they release enzymes that break down the prey’s cell wall. The Bdellovibrio then makes a small hole in the outer membrane and penetrates itself inside the periplasm. It is reversibly attached at this point for a short “recognition” period. After the recognition period it becomes irreversibly attached via the pole opposite the flagellum. While inside, the Bdellovibrio seals the membrane hole and converts the host to a spheroblast by degrading and using the cells nutrients. The bdellovibrio then divides into multiple daughter cells and when the host cell eventually degrades completely the daughter cells are release to repeat the cycle. Once the bacteria enters the periplasm, a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes are applied that prevents excessive damage to the host and counters diffusion. This breaks down host cell molecules which it is used to elongate and form a filament. This alters the cell shape of its prey, forming a joint structure called the bdelloplast. The entire process for this life cycle take about 3 to 4 hours.

vessel. There they roll along the surface of the vessel wall, which is lined by cells called

Within in cells, there are many functions, systems, and structures. One such system is the endomembrane system containing the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and endosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a significant role in protein and lipid synthesis and membrane production. Once synthesized, proteins travel through the cell and the various membranes to reach their final destination. But how? Vesicles transport everything through vesicular transportation. However, sometimes the vesicles, which are relaying the information between organelles within the cells, are intercepted by large molecules such as phagosomes. One type of bacteria, Legionella pneumophila, which utilizes phagosomes for reproductive purposes, was examined by Kagan and Roy (2002) in their experiment. They questioned how the bacteria spread within the cell, why it could create a new organelle, and under what conditions this organelle would be created. They hypothesized that Legionella pneumophila containing phagosomes (LCP) have 2 phases of maturation and this maturation allows for the replication of LCP infected cells within an organism.

When a bacteriophage takes on a lytic life cycle, it injects its DNA into the cytoplasm. After, the phage’s DNA takes over all the parts of the bacteria. It uses the

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus commonly called as HPV has been known to cause genital infections in males and females. It is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family and one of the most common virus that are known to cause tumors. There are about more than 120 different viruses but only about 40 of them are transmitted sexually. HPVs usually infect the mucosal membranes and different sites in the body like skin, mouth, throat and genitals.