Role Of Exogenous Pgrs In Alleviation Of Fe : An Analysis

Dicots are present throughout our ecosystem and everyday life. Without these species of plants, humans would not be able to survive and our ecosystem would be unbalanced. The dicot used in this experiment was a bean seed. Characteristics include two cotyledons, reticulated leave veins, flower petals in multiples of four or five, taproot system and, vascular system that is divided into 2; cortex and stele ("Monocot vs Dicot." - Difference and Comparison 2015). Nutrients are a key element for survival and development of a dicot plant. In this experiment the bean seed will be exposed to high levels of salt concentration (1.0ml) and low salt concentrations (0.5ml) which, will be compared to the one with no salt. The expected result from this experiment

How does the exposure of high volumes of phosphorus, zinc, and copper affect the sustainability of the plant? If it does survive the exposure to the stimulation of non-point

Alternate Hypothesis 1: If the plant is exposed to high temperatures, then the plant will degrade the effectiveness of chemicals to produce a reaction.

It is always difficult to remove contaminations from soils because it contains many toxic chemicals such as (Pb, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg and Zn). This chemicals mixed with the soil after burning of industrial waste, electronics waste or uses of agricultural technology. Then rain water makes it seep deep into the soil and cause soil pollution. This makes it so difficult and time consuming to remove, particularly when the affected area is on a large scale. Soil is made of by two components which are organic and inorganic solid constituent, water and mixture of different gasses present in various proportions. The mineral component in the soil varies, according to the parent material which the soils had been developed due to the issue of different type of climate conditions. Also, soil can also be classified into three different properties, physical, chemical and biological properties. Physical properties of soil are being controlled by soil water movement, such as texture and soil structures. The soil moisture have high tendency in controlling solute movement, salt solubility, chemical reaction and microbiological activities and most importantly the bioavailability of metal ions. In this situation, a successful phytoremediation program must be considered as an alternative in the specific site. In the past lots of researchers have tried different method in order to mitigate or reclaim the heavy metals polluted soils, but so far phytoremediation is the best of all because it is

In order to develop the local soil criteria for identifying soils that would result in Pb concentrations in agricultural produce over food quality standard, it is crucial to establish the links between Pb contamination in soils and foods (Zhang et al., 2018a; Zhang et al., 2018b). Numerous studies have investigated the Pb as well as other trace metals soil-plant relationships. For Pb, higher levels in foods such as vegetables often found where soil levels were relatively higher (Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2018b). Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), with a linear uptake assumption were often used to link the soil-plant contamination levels. Despite of some successful attempts (Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002), results overall were not consistent especially for Pb (Ding et al., 2016; Samsøe-Petersen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2018b).

Iron is an essential mineral in the body and there is iron in all cells in the body. It is the mineral that should be in our diet, it is necessary for transport of oxygen through hemoglobin. Iron is also vital for oxidation by cell.3 Dietary iron consist of two forms: heme or organic iron is found in animal product such as meat and fish which attached to proteins called heme proteins. None heme iron is found in vegetable such as bean and spinach. Heme iron is typically absorbed at a higher rate (20%) rather than non heme iron (2%).4

As iron can cause toxicity in the body many mechanisms have developed to regulate the free iron in our systems. All cells within our bodies

It was observed that the younger 6-week-old corn leaves produced more oxygen than the 12-week-old corn leaves. This may be from oxidative stress, or anoxia (the absence of oxygen) can result from aging cells, which means it is possible the older 12-week-old corn leaves were exposed to more UV stress, pathogen invasion, herbicide action, and oxygen shortage than younger plants (Blokhina et al. 2003). These are all common environmental factors most corn plants face throughout their life. Oxygen deprivation in plant cells could be a natural process that occurs as the corn ages due to exposure to ecological phenomenon. These influences might cause cell functions to weaken and eventually perish, which are perhaps attributable to an organism’s genetics

Auxin initiates the growth of the stem/roots via the Acid Growth Theory, which states that when certain cells come in contact with auxin protons are excreted into to the apoplast at a higher rate than usual, therefore lowering the pH of the apoplast (Rayle and Cleland, 1992). The low pH of the environment initiates the cell wall-loosening process involving the rearrangement of load-bearing bonds within the cell wall which is controlled through specialized proteins known as expansins. When the cell wall is sufficiently loosened water is allowed to enter the cell via osmosis causing the cell to enlarge. The uptake of the water increase internal turgor pressure, which causes the cell membrane to push against the cell wall allowing it to extend. The extension of the cell wall is halted after approximately 30 to 60 minutes via auxin enabling genes which engage other cell elongation methods (Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary, no

A submerged plants will have a hyponastic response caused by a buildup of the compound ethylene (Visser et al., 1996). Ethylene is found in higher concentrations in submerged plants when compared to non-submerged plants and has been shown to enhance the growth of the petiole during water logging (Monaco & Cumbo, 1972). In flooded conditions petiole elongation contributes to the increases survival of the plant by enabling leaves to reach the water surface (Visser et al., 1996). Highly coordinated enhancement in the upward growth of shoot stems and petioles enables continuation of gas exchange and aerobic metabolic activity (Voesenek, 2003). In waterlogged condition petioles are not submerged and as such it is expected that ethylene will instead contribute to increased root elongation by enabling adventitious roots to form (Monaco & Cumbo,

From the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the world we live in, it is all directly or indirectly dependent on plants. Dr. Cheung sets out to understand the growth and reproductive story of the plant life cycle and has made significant progress throughout her career. The identification of FER was widely accepted among the scientific community and led to the investigation of other members of the FER-like family in search for similar processes. FER, LRE, and LLG are all apart of gene families which have led to discoveries after exploration. Similarities in Arabidopsis genes have been found in other species such as Rice, Tomato, Medicago, and Moss through collaborations with Dr. Li-Jun Ma and Dr. Dong Wang at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Once the process of pollination and mating is fully understood molecularly, the next step will be to push the boundary to the atomic level, leading to true enlightenment of this well studied phenomenon. These studies will provide the necessary knowledge and tools for the future of genetic modification in plants. While still in its infancy, the field of genetic engineering holds unprecedented potential in utilizing plants to meet the ecological, environmental, and economical challenges that lie ahead for this rapidly changing

Since the dawn of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, both food production and the world’s population have experienced dramatic increases. The last five years have seen particularly significant benchmarks, with the world population reaching 7 billion in 2011. Looking to the future, experts have estimated that the population is likely to surpass 9 billion by 2050. As a result, the same amount of land (30% of the earth’s surface) will be expected to feed increasing numbers of people. The area will have to be used more intensively leading to soil deployment. For the above reasons fertilizers, will be in great

The Effect of Natural Auxin (IAA) vs. Synthetic Auxins (NAA) on the Growth of a Corn Seed

For the growth of all plants, specific levels of pH in the soil and in the plants themselves are important. These levels of pH affect the growth of the plants. This experiment explores and investigates how different pH environments affect the growth of Mung Beans. This following experiment will also explore the damaging effects of salinity (salt) on seed germination.

This data shows a strange outcome, in the hypothesis; it says that “If acid is introduced to the seed during germination, then the roots will not grow as long as the seeds that are given water”. This statement proves to be untrue, because the roots grew longer with stronger acid than weaker acid, and in some, cases, grew better with strong acid than it did in water. This may be true because of the acid growth theory. The acid growth theory states that auxins cause the elongation of stem cells by promoting wall loosening. It was determined that this wall loosening is caused by hydrogen ions. This idea and subsequent supporting data gave rise to the acid growth theory, which states that when exposed to auxins, susceptible cells excrete protons into the wall at an enhanced rate, which in turn decreases the pH in the wall. The lowered wall pH then activates the wall loosening process which is essentially doing the same thing as the auxin hormone.