Role Of International Health And Security Organisation

Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty-eight to seventy-two hours, the blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.

Specific Purpose Statement and Central Idea: Although WHO’s is an organization for controlling the outbreaks of virtuous diseases, many people may want to know what is going on within the worlds health organization. There are some agreements and disagreements to WHO’s continuation of handling the situation. Today, I will inform my audience about why WHO’s should or should not handle the Ebola situation.

A general factors that effects the transmission of disease is the weather of countries. For example, in Africa the weather is really hot which means mosquitos are able to survive through bites? Malaria would be spread through the bites of the mosquitos. Therefore, many people that are suffering from malaria in Africa spend most of their income of treatments. Even though malaria has been eliminated from temperature climates, it will still affect the sub-tropical and tropical regions. Malaria is one of the major public health challenges due to poor counties. However, people that have high incomes will be able to prevent themselves rather than suffering from the disease. Not being able to pay for vaccine is the biggest factor as it affects

Plasmodium a single-cell parasitic protozoa is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected female Anopheles species mosquitoes. This can lead to potentially fatal parasites, rapidly multiplying in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in symptoms arising from cycles of fevers, chills, severe headaches, vomiting, jaundice and diarrhoea. One major disastrous symptom includes sweats accompanied by anaemia, cause damages to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain, which could result in incurable illness leading to fatal death. In very severe cases it can cause seizures, comas or even death. Symptoms usually present between ten to fifteen days after the initial infection. Unlike other diseases, Malaria can represent in people months or even years later. Death rate is approximately 1%-5% due to the spread of Malaria in Afghanistan, affecting each and everyone.

Influenza is a highly contagious disease which can spread across the population by the body secretions which contain the active influenza virus (10). It poses serious threats to the society as it promotes fear, anxiety, discrimination, and cause destruction on the normal function of the society (5). Until people develop immunity against the influenza virus (10), an influenza pandemic will remain a global emergency as extremely high number of people all over the world will require care at the same time (3). Since the global impact of pandemic varies across history, any expectation or prediction regarding the magnitude and impact of a new influenza pandemic will often be overestimated or underestimated (5, 6, 7, 11). The sudden and dramatic increase in demands upon the health system during a pandemic would challenge the already stretched healthcare system capacity, which emphasise the need for the government to develop and implement an influenza response (1, 7), in which will often cause confliction between the individual and community interests (7). Hence the collaboration of all levels of government, private and voluntary sectors, and the general public is very important (3, 7).This essay will discuss the approaches which the government can adopt in order to allocate the limited resources as well as the strategies which it can adopt to reduce the spread of virus for as long as possible.

There are five types of mosquitos that can carry the disease; P. falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale, P. Knowlesi, and P. Malariae (Marshall & Taylor, 2009). The two diseases that have the most focus are the P. vivax which is most widely contracted, and the P. Falciparum which is the most fatal (Center for Disease Control, 2017). The life cycle of the disease starts with the bite of a mosquito called the anopheles, which transmits the disease. While there are hundreds of different types of mosquitoes anopheles is the only one that carries the parasitic protozoa. The bite of a mosquito injects sporozoites into the blood stream where it travels quickly to the liver since they have a short life span (Frevert, 2004). Once at the liver it infects the liver cells and replicates itself to mature into schizonts which ruptures into merozoites. After replication the merozoites burst from the liver cells into the blood stream and begin to invade the erythrocytes (red blood cells), once in the erythrocytes they again replicate completely filling the cell until the parasite ruptures the erythrocytes and releases toxins and merozoites into the bloodstream. The parasites are then separated into gametocytes (male/female), where they are released by the blood stream as plasmodium which can be acquired from another anopheles mosquito by biting the human host to start the cycle

First, the critical need to strengthen health systems overall; with a particular focus on low-income countries, where infectious diseases spread easily. Weak healthcare systems, health worker shortages, lack of appropriate equipment, limited knowledge and training, and insufficient information-sharing systems facilitated the EVD epidemic. Healthcare systems and regional economics are interdependent and models suggest significant future risk of mortality at a country-level and among neighboring countries (Nadhem & Nejib, 2015). Second, mobilization and capacity strengthening towards control and prevention efforts against EVD should be developed at country, regional and international levels. In the WHO Strategic Action Plan collaborative mechanisms relating to communication, public relations, social mobilization, field and cross-border coordination are being strengthened in the affected countries. Similar steps are extended to countries at risk [14,15]. Such support takes the form of activating and testing preparedness plans, active surveillance and strengthening laboratory diagnostic capacity, case management, infection prevention and control

Only female Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit the disease, and they must also have been infected through a previous blood-meal taken from a malaria infected person. If

Rapidly sweeping across the continent of West Africa, the deadly Ebola virus is devastating African populations and raising the levels of paranoia within first world countries. With the world displaying very little resistance to the virus, it appears that the hope to contain the outbreak is waning with each passing day. This is by no means the second coming of the plague, but the Ebola virus does have the biological potential to significantly damage the populations of poor countries, not to mention it can drastically affect the economies and travel patterns of first world countries and their populations. The real question thus becomes, how has the recent Ebola outbreak impacted world travel as

It would not be unwarranted to claim that the organization that served a crucial role in dealing with international emergencies in the past has been crippled by the recent changes in budgetary allocation. According to a New York Times report, the largest budget cuts were made in the department that deals with the threat of epidemics. It is appalling that a phenomenon that has the ability to proliferate into a global calamity should be given such little attention and a small proportion of

Specifically, the resources attributed to healthcare and infectious disease control, particularly in developing countries is limited, and as a result this could make a healthcare-based response illequipped to handle the substantial scope of an outbreak, allowing the disease and its security consequences to spread. Therefore, NGOs and affected states have a strong interest in declaring an outbreak a security issue as it creates a justification for the channelling of resources, awareness and capacity to tackle the disease that otherwise would not be available under traditional healthcare and humanitarian budgets. A key critique levied against the WHO in its failures in West Africa were linked to the substantial recent reduction in funding. Securitisation not only mobilises state resources, but also raises awareness and investment from the population of the securitising nation, as said by political journalist Barton Gellman in relation to the global AIDs epidemic, “when the rich lose the fear, they are not willing to invest in the problems of the poor”. Thus is arguably in the interests of states, NGOs and the international system as a whole to securitise infectious disease outbreaks, as it addresses appropriately addresses the significant risks created by an outbreak in today’s world, while also mobilising the substantial capacity required to fully and effectively contain an outbreak.

The pathway of malaria transmission from the mosquito to a person is detailed as after the mosquito has the parasite, the mosquito then bites the human, the parasite is released into the human, the parasite then goes to the liver and replicates itself, after replication the parasite enter the blood stream and attach to a red blood cell; the parasite is undetected by the immune system because it is attached to the red blood cells, the red blood cells is deformed from the parasite infection. The deformed red blood cell shape makes it stick to the cell membrane until it explodes and little particles from the red blood cell rushes through out the body; the cells goes through the body and enter other vitals

Due to the factor of climate, the transmission rates thrive in regions when the conditions are right. For example Africa has an average temperature of 33o C, this is the ideal temperature for mosquitos and this causes a high transmission rate, relating to the concentrated pattern that follows the equator. There are many factors which prevents malaria from occurring and from that, transmission rates do not take place. In the subtropical regions, where malaria is most susceptible, mosquitos have to alter themselves to different conditions in order to bypass the obstacles where the transmission cycle will not occur. Firstly, transmission will not occur during cooler seasons such as winter as it will be less prevalent and is generally seasonal. Also deserts- excluding oases, are not at risk as the regions of Sahara and Kalahari become too dry, and also there is insufficient number of moisture which eliminates the survival of the mosquitos. Another Alternative involves countries where transmission have been intervallic through eradication. This is evident in moderate temperature areas such as Eastern Europe and the United States. The need for economic development and public health care have been met as there has been a complete eradication in malaria. The majority of countries that are at a low risk of getting malaria, are still vulnerable but with the introduction of healthcare the chances are low. This is evident when referring to malaria at a global scale as none of these

Malaria thrives in warm and human areas that have bounty stagnant water sources ideal for breeding and egg nesting. Once bitten by a mature anopheles mosquito the incubation time between infection and showing symptoms is usually between 6-7 days (Patricia Schlagenhauf-Lawlor, & Funk-Baumann, M., 2005, pg. 10)(1). The common symptoms of malaria like chills, headache and perfuse diaphoresis to name a few, exacerbate due to parasitic replication and destruction of the bodies RBC. Once the cell is destroyed the merozites from the RBC disperse throughout the

The main cause of Malaria is Plasmodium falciparum or plasmodium vivax, which is carry by the female Anopheles mosquito. As the female Anopheles mosquito bits on the human to take blood meal, the Plasmodium falciparum gets injected to the blood stream via mosquito’s saliva and travels through blood stream and eventually gets to the liver. In liver the Plasmodium falciparum being to multiply asexually. Next they start rupturing liver cells and release back to the blood stream. In the blood the parasite being to invade and multiply again inside the red blood cells. This time they start to reproduce sexually within the blood stream. This occurs until the red blood cells burst and releasing the parasite once again into the blood stream. Bursting of the red blood cells lead to acute anemia. This cycle happens over and over again and each time cause Chile, fever sweating. Rupturing the red blood cells and high temperature fever will eventually lead to death. Next the uninfected female Anopheles mosquito bites on the infected human and by sucking its