Role Of Macula In Smokers

Extensive clinical studies have proven that smoking is a major factor in the development and progression of arterial sclerosis. Additionally, the risk of heart disease is more than twice that of non-smokers. According to the University of California at Berkeley, “Anywhere from 20 to 40% (100,000 to 200,000 every year) of all heart disease deaths in the U.S. are directly attributable to smoking.

"Second hand smoke disables and kills many people by virtue of its cardiovascular effects and also by virtue of its cardiovascular effects on the lung" (Reinberg).

Active smoking and disease relationship was first studied as case-control studies in Germany during 1939 and 1943which revealed a strong association between active smoking and lung cancer [1]. After that large number of studies were conducted which established relationship of tobacco smoke with

The consumption of cigarettes negatively impact the health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed. In this section we will focus in the negative heath effects of consumption in smokers. The consequences of tobacco consumption to the health appeared in the early twentieth century. there are published thousands of articles and reviews of this theme and show us that smoking is related with alterations in all organs and systems.

Around 16 million Americans have diseases related to smoking such as lung diseases, diabetes, stroke, cancer, heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), erectile dysfunction, and vascular diseases, smoking has a role in increasing the risk for many diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain eye diseases. Around 6 million

Cigarette smoking is the single most important cause of preventable death in the U.S. Smoking is associated with increased fibrosis severity. NA has PMH of cirrhosis and smoking cessation is crucial for

For the health condition description of age-related macular degeneration I will discuss the etiology, onset, prevalence rate, body systems, body structures, and associated deficits that come and are associated with this disease. “AMD is the degradation of the cells at the center of the retina which is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that registers light. The macula is responsible for ventral vision, which enables us to read, drive, participate in sports, and do anything else that requires focusing directly ahead. Macular degeneration distorts the heart of the vision field” (Macular degeneration, 1998). Sunlight and smoking are both influences of the onset of AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 2014). It is suggested to avoid intense bright sunlight which may help reduce the retinal degeneration. Hats, sunglasses and any other accessories that can help protect the eyes from the sun are suggested. Cigarette smoking has also been linked to increasing the risk of developing AMD and it is recommended that persons should stop smoking to decrease their chance of developing AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 2014). AMD does not develop until the sixth or seventh decade of life, although early

Age is important as the target for reduction in mortality from CHD, stroke and related disorders of 40% of the year 2010, established in Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation (DoH 1999), referred to the under 75 age group. The key areas identified for intervention in the national service framework are: reducing smoking, promoting healthy eating, promoting physical activity and reducing obesity, although several other factors are known to contribute to the development of CHD. Smoking has long been known to be a factor in the development of CHD. According to Smeltzer and Bare (2000), smoking decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate and pressure via stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasoconstriction. In addition, it raises the chances of clot formation by increasing the aggregation of platelets. Campbell (2006) suggests that the toxic components of cigarette smoke damage the endothelial lining of the blood vessels, which may initiate the development of atherosclerosis. Because carbon dioxide from the cigarette burns readily with haemoglobin, it deprives oxygen of

Tobacco use is an important contributor to PAD, as smoking promotes atherosclerotic changes in the endothelium of blood vessels. Almost 90% of patients diagnosed with PAD are current or former smokers; smokers’ risk of PAD is positively correlated with the number of cigarettes they smoked each day, and the number of years they smoked for.1

Eyes are considered one of, or the most important of the five senses and one that is taken with huge appreciation, but many are unaware of the certain risk factors that are performed daily which can influence the quality of vision in the long term. According to the According to the Centers for disease control and prevention (2013) in the United States, the most common eye disorders are age related and can lead to reduction in vision or complete blindness; they include: age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and cataracts. Smoking is commonly known to cause certain cancers and heart diseases, but not commonly associated with its effect on the visual system and its link to the development of these common conditions. According to Rennie et al. (2012) ‘forty-seven percent knew of the link between smoking and eye disease’. To try and promote the influence cigarettes have on the visual system, the Royal national institute for blind people (2011) has suggested including pictures and a helpline number on each cigarette packet to deter the smokers. Moreover, one of the many side effects of smoking is that it raises blood pressure. Therefore, alongside recommendations to refrain from smoking to prevent an increase in pressure, there are certain nutrients that are known to decrease blood pressure. These can prove to be a very effective treatment for ocular diseases linked to diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Despite the harmful effects of

This can also lead to many autoimmune diseases, like Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis (betobaccofree). Smoking is harmful to the eyes just like the rest of the body. Research has linked smoking to an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and optic nerve damage, all of which eventually lead to blindness (CDC). Just breathing in tobacco smoke can change a person’s blood chemistry and damage blood vessels. Every time that the person exhales the cells that line your body’s blood vessels react to its chemicals which causes the person's heart rate and blood pressure to go up. These chemicals also harm your blood cells and damage the function of your heart increasing the chances of obtaining atherosclerosis,

Nowadays, smoking causes cancers, for example, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, oral cancer, etc. become a common sense. Instead those well-known diseases, there are some researches shown that if women smoke during pregnancy, it would increase the risk of pregnancy complications, premature delivery, low-birth-weight infants and sudden infant death syndrome. Besides, there is a research tells that cigarette smoking might be associated with erectile dysfunctions, which is a big issue in Chinese culture. Related to elderly, a research has shown that smoking is related to nuclear cataracts. Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness. The risk of developing cataracts for smokers is two to three times as nonsmokers (Surgeon General's Report, 2004).

Another cardiovascular malfunction that cigarette smoking may cause are strokes. A stroke is damage to the brain caused by leakage from a ruptured blood vessel or an interruption in blood supply. Nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke affect the adhesives of blood platelets, the main clotting factor in blood. This can cause blood vessels to harden and form blood clots that can flow to the brain, a major cause of strokes. Nicotine can also cause the blood vessels to constrict. When a smokers arteries become too constricted,

Cigarette smokers are two to four times more likely to develop coronary heart disease than non-smokers, and tobacco use doubles risk for stroke. It also causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels, and it causes premature wrinkles because it constricts the oxygen and warmth from all parts of the body so the skin ages faster.

Smoking creates toxins in the blood. This greatly contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty material is deposited along the walls of the arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens, and can eventually block the arteries if not treated. Clots may also form around the plaque deposits. Smoking raises the levels of proteins that cause the blood to clot and also increases platelet production, making the blood stickier which further creates risk for clots. This also interferes with the blood flow and poses an added danger if they were to break off and travel through the body causeing assorted health problems such as heart attack, stroke, or gangrene.