Rotator Cuff Injury Research Paper

Rotator cuff surgery may be required to repair re-attach torn tendons to the shoulder. This may be followed by rotator cuff exercises after surgery to promote further healing and return of function.

Walch et al first described the internal impingement as an intraarticular impingement of the rotator cuff in the abducted and externally rotated shoulder. With 90 degrees of both abduction and external rotation, the articular surface of the posterior superior rotator cuff becomes pinched between the labrum and the greater tuberosity.5 The authors separated the labral lesions from SLAP lesions which extended anteriorly to the biceps anchor at the supraglenoid tubercle, concluding that internal impingement may be responsible for a subset of patients with isolated posterior SLAP tears.5

A September 7 elbow fracture during the Double-A playoffs will cause minor league second baseman Ozzie Albies to miss the remainder of the playoff season with his team, the Mississippi Braves. The 19-year-old, who was expected to be one of the stars of the playoffs, had split his time this year between the Mississippi Braves and the franchise's Triple-A team, the Gwinnett Braves. Although Albies' injury will require surgery, he should be able to return to playing baseball by January.

Baseball is America's pastime. Everyone in this country knows a person who plays the game and the struggles they face throughout their entire baseball endeavors. Baseball is an overhead throwing sport that requires countless amount of repetition in order to perfect the art of throwing a baseball with different spins and velocities. Because baseball has become a non-season based sport in this modern era, it has risen health risks to the elbows of athletes that play continuously. The Ulnar Collateral Ligament, commonly coined as the Tommy John Ligament, is the

Your doctors will use an x-ray to diagnose a tear in your rotator cuff. If the tear is larger than 3 centimeters and you have been struggling with symptoms for 6 to 12 months, orthopedic surgery will be essential.

The rotator cuff refers to the group of muscles and tendons in your shoulder that connects your shoulder blade to your upper arm.

A pitcher with a great amount of throwing power and technique can decrease the amounts of hits, and essentially limit the amounts of runs scored by the opposing team. Training for this type of athlete will include an incorporation of muscular endurance, muscular strength, muscular power, muscular power endurance, and flexibility, agility, and speed for maximal performance. Increasing each factor can help reduce the risk of injury by strengthening the muscles around the joints that are easily injured due to the amount of power and torque exerted on the tendons by each pitch (Wilk, Macrina, Fleisig, Aune, Porterfield, Harker, Evans, 2014). Several studies show the importance of strength and conditioning on injury prevention, however, pitchers with more balanced rotator cuff musculature may be at lower risk for injury and have a greater range of motion (ROM). Given the high demands placed on the shoulder in all defensive positions, professional baseball pitchers may be at higher risk of injury without proper conditioning due to constant usage. This can lead to the tightening of tendons and reduced ROM causing greater risk of injury. Although arm strength and power are important to increase a pitchers velocity, lower extremity strength and conditioning are also thought to be crucial in the transfer of energy during pitching and thus should be included for a pitchers success (Wilk,

There are many more terms and concepts in throwing a baseball then the wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and the follow through. There is also the stride, your pelvis, rotation, deceleration, force, gravity, resistance and speed. (Maranowski). Within the shoulder, there are three major bones used. They are the clavicle, humerus, and the scapula. Another major component of the shoulder while throwing is the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made up of four small muscles which are the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the teres minor. The main responsibility of the rotator cuff is for the stability of the shoulder joint. It holds the humeral head in the glenoid socket during early abduction while throwing. (" biomechanics of," ).

RCT is a common disease. According to general population surveys, the prevalence of rotator cuff tear is 25 % in those older than 50 years of age and 20 % in those older than 20 years of age (1). The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles and their tendons supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (2). These muscles connect the upper-arm bone, or humerus, to the shoulder blade. The important job of the rotator cuff is to keep the shoulder joint stable. RCT can be caused by degenerative changes, repetitive micro-traumas, severe traumatic injuries, and secondary dysfunctions. Falling on an outstretched hand, unexpected force when pushing or pulling or during shoulder dislocation can cause traumatic injury to the rotator cuff.

On the other hand, scientists have found three main activities that can cause a rotator cuff tear. Repetitive stress is when you repeat a certain action or movement constantly and cause the muscles to tear. Sports like baseball and tennis can cause this. Another way of disruption is by a lack of blood supply in the rotator cuff. As people age blood supply to our tendons and muscles can deplete, causing an impairment in our body’s natural repair of tendons. The final way that can cause a tear in the rotator cuff is bone spurs. Bone spurs can develop on the underside of the acromion bone. When we lift our arms, the spurs rub on the rotator cuff tendons. This condition is called shoulder impingement, and over time will weaken the tendon and make it more likely to tear. The first sign of trouble with Bursitis is pain. Along with this pain will come swelling, redness, and tenderness of the affected area. In some cases, it will cause stiffness in the

Often these bone spurs helped to create the tear. Sometimes an MRI is ordered - this can show the doctor with great detail the rotator cuff tendon and where it is torn. If your doctor suspects a partial thickness tear (the tendon is not torn all the way through, just part of the way), an MR-arthrogram may be ordered, this involves an injection into your shoulder before the regular MRI.

Symptoms of a rotator cuff tear that many patients claim are impingement of the shoulder and pain while resting or sleeping. However, these symptoms can be inconclusive and should be considered with caution. For example, pain at night

*insert article *attachedBesides being able to see the inside of a shoulder, doctors use different physical tests to evaluate the shoulder in order to determine what type of injury and how severe an injury may be. One such test was recently developed by Dr. Carl J. Basamania at the Womack Army Medical center in Fort Bragg, N.C. The test was developed to evaluate shoulder instability in a patient. During the test the Dr. or examiner stands next to the patient who is to lay flat on his/her back. The hand of the examined should is held firmly by the examiner. The examiner then pushes against the clavicle to stabilize th scapula, while they also gently hold the pectoral muscle with their thumb in order to be able to assess relaxation. The examiner then rotates the arm form neutral to full external rotation. If the patient has AIGHL incompetence there is a lack of tightening as the arm reaches full external rotation. The test has appeared to be highly accurate and may be of value to Dr.'s and surgeons alike. After doctors have determined what type and what degree of injury a patient has sustained using various tests it is on to the next step, rehabilitation.

During the rehab process, exercises that emphasize kinetic chain activation of the leg, trunk, and scapula should be established. Different types of exercises talked about were trunk extension, scapular retraction, trunk rotation and scapular retraction, and 1-legged stance. The rotator cuff exercises were not implemented until after the proximal base had been established. The closed-chain rotator cuff exercise performed included humeral head depressions and rotations on a ball, “wall washes”, and punches.

This may sound horrifying. However, rotator cuff injuries are not that difficult to treat. Depending on the injury severity, there are different treatment options available. Dr. Tehrany’s extensive experience in shoulder surgeries has proven that arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is