Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Routing Information Protocol is one of the oldest Distance Vector Routing Protocol which goes under the Interior Gateway Protocol type 2. Routing Information Protocol version 1 was stated in 1988 and it was the primary routing protocol utilized on the Internet. The purpose behind utilizing the routing protocols is to decrease the time delay (Aydogan, 2010), Improve the data transmission utilization (Shih, 2010), Reducing power utilization (Khan, 2010) and decreasing the packet loss rate and also the routing overload (Hamza, 2010).

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

Unfortunately, it is a big overhead to maintain routing tables in the mobile ad hoc network

With the increasing dependency on wireless networks, the need for proper reliability analysis for Mobile ad hoc networks (Manets) is also increasing. Failure of Manets in areas like warfare, nuclear reactors, medical equipment and airplanes can lead to catastrophe. Unlike traditional networks, measuring the reliability of Manets is a tedious task as it involves dynamically changing topology. The existing methods for calculating reliability use two terminal analysis as the basis for calculation. It uses the same method used for traditional computer networks to calculate reliability. However, the method is not very efficient when it comes to the wireless networks as they are far different from traditional networks. It is also a time consuming task to identify all the nodes and links in a wireless network as nodes move freely in the network. In This paper, We are going to discuss about NLN(Node-Link-Node) technique which reduces the complexity of analyzing the reliability in Manets.

MANETs (Mobile ad-hoc network) is defined as autonomous collection of wireless mobile nodes that are self-configure to construct a network that can communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links.

Reactive routing protocols were designed to reduce the overheads by maintaining information for active routes at each node [8]. This means that each node determined and maintained routes only, when it requires sending data to a particular destination. It using two main mechanisms for route establishment: Route discovery and Route maintenance [17, 25]. Route discovery mechanism uses two messages: Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP).

ABSTRACT: An ad hoc network is a collection of nodes which are dynamically located in such a manner that their inter connections might change on continual basis. A routing protocol is required, to facilitate communication inside the network by discovering routes between the nodes. This research paper classifies various protocols and provides an overview about eight different protocols under varied categories.

The work flow is shown in fig 3. First simulating the MANET using AODV routing protocol with parametric values, which are explained in the section 4.1 . FRAHP, PFGA and PACO optimized models are explained in the subsequent sections. Next, comparing results one with another model to find optimal routing and comparing the performance results and using various calculations here finding the ranked routed from FRAHP model.

Abstract— this paper is an involvement in the field of security study on mobile ad-hoc networks. Boundaries of the mobile ad hoc nodes have been considered in order to design a secure Ad hoc routing protocol that thwarts selfish and flooding attacks. We took the base of Ad hoc On Demand Routing Protocol (AODV); the most popular Routing protocol. The significance of the proposed protocol that should make sure security as wanted by providing a broad architecture of Trusted and PES Mechanism based smart Path Routing protocol (TBAODV) based on effective key management, secure neighbor detection, secure routing data’s, finding malicious nodes, and eliminating these nodes from routing table. Our results clearly show that our secured Ad hoc routing protocol increases the throughput and packet delivery ratio while it has a tolerable increase in the routing overhead and average delay. Also, security study proves in details that the proposed protocol is robust enough to thwart all classes of

The further sections of survey paper are organized as follows: Section 2 provides the introduction about the different routing algorithms that we are comparing. Simulation setup and data traces used are under Section 3. Metrics to calculate algorithm performance are under section 4. Section 5 shows the performance comparisons for all the routing algorithms. Default parameter settings are used for this purpose. The performance comparison includes the average message replication statistics of each protocol, packet drop ratio, the message delivery cost, message overhead ratio for a protocol, Number of redundant packets in the network, total message forwards required in each network and lastly the packet wastage index. Section 6 comprises of

Abstract— Mobile ad hoc networks will appear in environments where the nodes of the networks are absent and have little or no physical protection against tampering. The nodes of mobile ad hoc networks are thus susceptible to compromise. The networks are particularly vulnerable to denial of service (DOS) attacks launched through compromised nodes or intruders. This work proposed a new DOS attack and its defense in ad hoc networks. The new DOS attack, called Ad Hoc Flooding Attack(AHFA), can result in denial of service when used against on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks, such as AODV, DSR.

Abstract— Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a special self-describing wireless ad hoc network which consists of more number of nodes that can move randomly and erratically. Because of this infrastructure it enables many kinds of attacks and establish topology-exposure problem. Many of the existing multipath protocols may ignore the topology-exposure problem. In this, we proposed a TOpology-HIding multipath routing Protocol (TOHIP) for preventing attacks in topology-exposure. In TOHIP, the link connection information is hidden in route messages, so that the malicious nodes cannot conclude the network topology. In Route Reply phase, the protocol TOHIP can also be used to establish multiple node-disjoint routes and eliminate the unreliable route before transmitting packets in Route Probe phase. With the help of a newly designed protocol, security was assured and earned better capability of finding routes in MANET. The simulation result shows that TOHIP has given better performance when compared with Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.

Present era is a “technological era”. Technological revolution is an inevitable concept that has brought drastic changes in the concept of communication, networking, IT etc. Information technology is growing at an alarming rate day by day. Corporate sectors, businesses tend to use complex technological and network environments. MANET is one such variant for technological revolution which is in a strong pace to gain popularity as they provide wireless connectivity irrespective of their geographic position. Apart from this there are numerous other privileges provided by this adhoc networking that has acted as a boon in the field of networking.

Routing in WSN is different form the routing in the fixed networks. Routing protocols proposed for WSNs are divided into seven categories. They are given in Table.1. The routing protocols in the table are explained well by Shio Kumar Singh, M P Singh in [37]. Many routing algorithms were developed for wireless networks. These are categorized into seven parts and are explained in provided in the reference list.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) falls in the category of wireless ad hoc network, and is a self-configuring network. Each device is free to move independently in any direction, and hence will change its link with other devices