Rpa Essay

On old radios the antenna was detrimental to the radio’s operation. Today, the antenna is not necessary. AM radio does not have as good of quality as FM but it can travel farther distances. FM signals can be interfered by things such as mountains or other barrier

In my project, I have designed and simulated microstrip patch antenna at operating frequency 2.4GHz using HFSS software .It has Substrate (FR4) having dielectric constants of 4.4.I have designed single patch antenna without DGS, 2x1 array antenna and 4x1 array antenna without DGS ,4x1 array antenna with DGS (Dumbbell shaped , Double Circular shaped, E-shaped) and analyze the results. I analyze that I god improved results in 4x1 array antenna configuration with E-shaped DGS structure in terms of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of 1.12, Return loss of -22.12 dB, Bandwidth of 404 MHz, Gain of 7 dB etc.

Combination of fractals with defected ground structure is used in this iteration order and better results are clearly shown in the comparison graph of return loss. It is a rectangular patch despite that Gain of this radiating fractal antenna is very good.

These antennas have high gain and efficiency but they are not suitable for low-cost commercial devices because they are expensive, heavy and bulky and cannot be integrated with solid-state devices [12]. For the aforementioned reasons, the TSA have been chosen as a strong candidate because of their compromise in terms of size and efficiency. One such type of antenna is Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot antenna (ALTSA). Researchers around the globe have given more attention to ALTSA for its salient performances such as narrow beamwidth, high gain and wide bandwidth [4].

The use of a microphone and speaker coil was the first example of using backscatter radio link to carry substantial amount of information. This was done in 1948. The passive back scatter radio technique was used when the radar or reader is very far away from the object to be identified. But if the object to be identified is very close to the reader i.e. in the range of few centimeters then there is no need for passive back scatter technique. In this case we used a technique in which the receiver and the transmitter are inductively coupled. Such systems can operate at very low frequencies i.e. few kilohertz to few megahertz. These are also called as low range transmitters and receivers because they operate in a very low range of centimeters. Talking about the manufacturing of such cheap transponders these can be made by using a sensitive magnetic strip. When the reader comes close to the strip it vibrates and takes the necessary information. They were developed in 1960’s wildly used in retail stores and etc. Now if we want more ID space we have to slightly change the circuitry of the transponder. Such circuitry can be composed with the help of a capacitor and the inductor which operates at a resonant frequency. Such a system will provide much larger ID space than the previous ones. Then inventors thought of a more sophisticated tag in which radio frequency can also be used as a power source for the tag. Such a tag can be made by

CE1.20 Three virtual sectors (Usually each sectors uses 60 degree angle projection) were implemented on the antenna and each sector is shown in different colour based on the design. In the above figure, light green shows the area covered by the light green sector and so on. The coverage of the each sector can increase or decreased based on the frequency given to each of them. The design and

We conducted a literature review as a part of our study, of recent research in the area of sinuous antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous antennas are very useful due to their wideband ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the sinuous antenna for wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and diversity applications. They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very compact. In fact, they found that when placing dipoles on the same space required by the sinuous antennas, that the sinuous would reach much greater capacities for multimode-based MIMO systems. Edwards and Rebeiz2 utilized the sinuous antenna type placement on a silicon dielectric lens. The lens had a diameter of 50.8 mm necessitating a compact design. They chose the four-arm sinuous antenna configuration as an alternative to traditional log-periodic antennas, which suffer from polarization variation versus frequency and high cross-polarization levels. Their results have shown that the lens-coupled sinuous antennas do exhibit polarization stability and low cross-polarization levels over a wide band. In addition, the antenna is very efficient, radiating only 5% of its total power to its backside. A much more recent application from Suzuki et al.3, again utilizes the silicon lens-coupled sinuous antenna as a

Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low-cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all requirements and various types of microstrip antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems.

In this paper, the copper and flexible printed graphene with highly conductive are used as patches antennas for wideband applications. The copper antenna has been designed to operate for a dual band from 2.65 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.59 to 5.34 GHz, with maximum gain 2 and 3.37, dBi for first and second respectively. But the flexible graphene patch mounted on an elastic substrate introduces more wide impedance bandwidths, from 2.6 to 3.2 GHz and from 4.84 to 7 GHz with maximum gain 1.04 and 1.33 dBi for first and second respectively. The copper structure has been fabricated and measured. The return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and the gain of the structures are investigated. All the simulated results are analyzed, it is concluded that graphene

Our base stations are the smallest and also the cheapest. They are all-outdoor base stations and can be installed on towers, poles, rooftops, traffic posts, etc. They do not need expensive AC housing and can cool itself in different weather conditions. Our base station solutions help the operator decrease his capital expenditure by more than 50 per cent.

The patch antenna plays a very important role in today’s world of wireless communication systems .There is always a large demand for high performance ,small size and low cost wireless communication systems .in order to get these requirements ,planar patch antenna is preferred because of their various advantages such as light weight ,low volume ,low cost and ease for fabrication .although the microstrip patch antenna has various advantages it has various disadvantages which are low gain ,narrow bandwidth and low efficiency .These disadvantages can be overcome by constructing many patch antennas in array configuration. Recently there has been increasing demand in the use of DGSs for performance enhancement of microstrip patch antennas and planar array antennas .there are basically two types of structures which are used for the design of compact and high performance wireless communication systems named as defected ground structures (DGS) and electromagnetic band-gap structures (EBG) which is also known as photonic band-gap structure(PBG). These structures have been used to obtain the functions such as unwanted frequency rejection and circuit size reduction. Recently defected ground structures have been introduced; DGSs are realized by simply etching off simple shape (called as defect) from the ground plane .Depending upon the shape and the dimensions of the defects ,the current distribution in the ground plane is disturbed and resulting in a controlled

The printed antenna is one of the most preferred antenna structures for low cost and compact design of wireless communication systems. In this paper we have investigated a new approach for improving the radiation efficiency and performance of the antennas with the size miniaturization, in particular we have simulated two types of UWB printed monopole antennas for proving this approach with results: circular patch and Compact Miniaturized Semi-Circular patch UWB monopole antennas and in detail investigation was presented on size miniaturization in order to achieve very compactness and high radiation efficiency with out degradation of the functional parameters and overall performance. Simple rectangular microstrip lines are used for feeding the printed monopole antennas. This UWB monopole antenna designed works well for the whole UWB frequency band 3.1-10.6GHz.

CIRCULAR PATCH- ANDREA ALU et al[2[Only fundamental mode can be excited in such a wavelength rectangular cavity, providing out of phase radiation from radiating edge of patch. A sub wavelength resonance tuned at desired frequency while gain of radiator is expected to be very poor. The parallel plate cavity showed analogus limitation there are no degree of freedom in selecting the desired operating mode in sub wavelength regime of operation. A circular patch antenna loaded by a grounded inhomogeneous substrate with thickness h ,consisting of a planar layer with permittivity and permeability ε1(w).µ1(w)with a core ring with permittivity and permeability ε2(w).µ2(w).The quantity η represent the filling ratio of volume underneath the patch.

In today’s generation of wireless communication system, the Micro strip patch antenna plays very important role. There are different advantages of high performance Micro strip patch antenna such as small size, light weight ,low cost, low volume and easy to fabricate .Like no of advantages Micro strip Patch antenna has some drawbacks such as low gain, narrow bandwidth, low efficiency. These drawbacks can be minimizing by changing the design parameters of patch antenna or by applying array structure with improved DGS structure in it.

Gathering ambient energy from radio frequency is called RF Energy harvesting [1-2]. This includes designing of antenna and some additional circuit that convert EMF radiation into DC voltage so that it can be used to drive low power devices. The concept of wireless power transmission is the basic principle behind RF Energy radiation in free space. The wireless transmission includes Bluetooth, GPS, Satellite communication, Wi-Fi, DTV. The wireless technology reduces cost of installation by eliminating wired transmission thus it is easy for us to carry wireless