Ruminant Nutrition

Cows who are on grass tend to not produce nearly as much but it is proven that the less milk a cow produces, the more vitamins in her milk. This is because a cow has a set amount of vitamins to transfer to her milk, and if she’s bred, fed, and injected to be a Super Producer, her milk has fewer vitamins per glass. It is a watered down version of the real thing. (Super Natural 1)

1998). The amount of the n-6 PUFA group remains similar in both diets, with grain-fed cattle having a bit more, however, amounts of the n-3 PUFA group change increasing from 100% to 400% in grass-fed cattle due increases in linolenic acid. (Enser et al. 1998; Descalzo et al. 2005). This results in an n-6/n-3 ratio between 3.72 and 4.13 in grass-fed cattle, versus 5.73 and 6.56 in grain-fed, where a lower ratio is considered more beneficial (Descalzo et al. 2005). In general, the percentage of PUFA decreased from a range of 8.68% to 10.31% in grass-fed cattle to 7.29% to 8.19% (of total FA) in grain fed cattle. PUFAs are known to reduce LDL oxidation, and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of coronary events, and hence also affirm the notion of grass fed being healthier (Mata et al.

Abd El-Shaffy and G. A. Abd El-Rahman.  El-Nor, Khalif and El-Shaffy are from the Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.  Khattab and El-Sayed are from the Animal Production Department Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra Al-Kheimah, Cairo, Egypt.  The last author El-Rahman is from the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University.  All that was just listed was the source of authority that these authors have in their country.  These authors or professors are well-prepared to write about this topic because they talk about the whole experiment.  They inform the reader about what was done in the experiment and what came out of the experiment.  This article came from Revista Veterinaria.  The intended readers are possibly Buffalo breeders to see what is the best way to feed the calf and what milk is the most nutritious.  Also people that are interested in this topic can read this article as well.  There

The more controversial topic when discussing pasture-fed and grain-fed beef is the conditions in which both types of cattle live in. This is important not just because of the widely false advertising of the two types, but also because the atmosphere in which cattle live, can affect their meat. Many studies have shown that nutrients in beef vary depending on what the cattle that produce the meat ate, which is determined by where they live (Gunnars, 2013). The most popular thought is that pasture-fed beef live long, healthy, happy lives and grain-fed beef live in terrible, nasty, detrimental feedlots. Although this does happen to be true in some situations, it is far from true in all cases. According to an article written by Kris Gunnars, most all cattle begin their lives on the same diet; drinking milk

Four cecally-cannulated horses were utilized in a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate dosage levels of 95% liposomal-curcumin (LIPC) on the same opportunistic bacteria in experiment 1 and to evaluate cecal characteristics. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) no LIPC, (CON); 2) 15 g of 500 mg/g of LIPC, recommended level (REC); 3) 25 g of 500 mg/g of LIPC (1.66 x R); or 4) 35 g of 500 mg/g of LIPC (2.30 x R). Horses were fed 2-3 lbs of Strategy® (Purina Mills, St. Louis, MO) to maintain a BCS of a 5-6 at 0600 and treatments were top dressed at time of feeding. Horses were then turned out to pasture (predominantly K31 Tall Fescue) and allowed to graze until 1600 at which time they were stalled and fed hay that was cut from

The recommended intake of folate (B9) is 400 micrograms (µg) in dietary folate equivalents (DFEs). My average consumption was well over that target. In the average of three days, I received 1148 µg DFE. Even though there is no evidence suggesting that an ample dose of naturally occurring folate presents any risks of toxicity, there is an upper limit in place of 1000 µg a day. Long term consequences of a folate rich diet include a difficulty in detecting a vitamin B12 deficiency and a decreased risk of having a newborn with spina bifida or anencephaly. Large intakes of folate alleviate symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiencies but can also obscure it. The majority of my folate intake came from breakfast cereal (contributing to 70% of my intake).

Cows that were eating rapidly on growing green grass are known to produce K2( Activator X) in their system. This is an important vitamin that many of modern day diet missing.

A misconception of the cattle industry that Andrews was able to debunk was the belief that cattle get fed 100% corn. This is not true at all and Andrews learned that when animals arrive at Magnum, they are usually 7 – 9 months of age and during their first four days, they receive 100% grass feed to help maintain rumen health (2010, p. 5). You might be asking yourself what the heck is rumen? Rumen according to Michael Pollan is “a 45-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria turns grass into metabolically useful organic acids and proteins”. Rumen is important to a cows digestive process and when they are fed a ration of grain that is to high, called a “hot ration” their digestive process, mainly rumen is disturbed. Moving off of the 100% grass feed, there are five different rations that Magnum used which range from 0% corn to 50%

The calf's rumen digests feed using fermentation; a process that calls for a development of bacteria in the rumen. This process takes three weeks after the calf weans, after which the amount of bacteria available in the rumen becomes able to ferment enough energy-giving feeds that the calf requires. Giving a calf quality grains and free-choice water helps its rumen to develop in a better way.

Methods: Calves (n = 28) were assigned to 4 groups and fed either colostrum or a milk-based formula on days 1 and 2 and

Physically effective NDF (peNDF) and rumen degraded starch (RDS) have a balancing relationship. Physically effective NDF is important in the ruminant diet for many reasons. As mentioned in the article by Plaizier et al., peNDF is how we quantify the amount of coarse fiber in the diet. The amount of coarse fiber in the diet has been shown to correlate with the amount of time the cow spends chewing. When considering the occurrence of SARA as discussed in this article, chewing, and the associated production and accumulation in the rumen of bicarbonate, is one of the important factors in maintaining an adequate rumen pH.

This review presents an updated critical review about several attempts to contribute methionine about his role in milk production, milk components and metabolism in animals, in particular the dairy cows, mainly with respect to the energy balance. The review closes with a comprehensive overview of the role and activities of methionine influence. It was clear to us from the light of previous studies that the Methionine functions in increasing milk yields, and the proportion of casein in milk, as a material role in the synthesis of sulfur amino acids, and his influence in the

There is a symbiotic relationship that exists between cattle and grass. The cattle maintain a habitat for the grasses through the prevention of shrubs and trees gaining a foothold. They also spread the grass seeds planting them with their hooves as well as fertilizing it. In exchange for this, the grasses offer exclusive meals for the cattle which they convert into high quality protein. The first ingredient in the steers feed was Rumensin which was a powerful antibiotic. This is included in the feeds as animals placed on a back grounding pen tend to get sick as the cow's digestive process can be disturbed. This can result to the death of the animals and hence the antibiotics will reduce this disturbance.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a member of a 300-500 million years old transferrin family (Teng, 2002). It is a single-chain protein of approximately 690 amino acids and a molecular weight of 77kDa (Nuijens et al., 1996). Lactoferrin (also known as lactotransferrin) was first identified in 1939 as a red protein that was present in bovine milk (Sorensen and Sorensen 1939). Lf is a whey protein found in the milk and other biological fluids (including tears, pancreatic juice, mucous, saliva, bile, genital and nasal secretions and in circulating neutrophils) and other tissues of mammals (Bellamy et al., 1992). Other members of the transferrin families are serum transferrin, ovotransferrin, melanotransferrin, and the inhibitor for carbonic anhydrase Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins and their function is to control the level of free iron in biological fluids such as the ones mentioned above (Crichton and Charloteaux, 1987). Lf is produced by mucosal epithelial cells in various mammals and recent studies have shown that LF is also produced by fishes and it is the second most abundant protein in milk (Torres et al., 2006). Lf has a high iron-binding affinity and is the only transferrin which can retain iron over a wide pH range even extremely acidic pH (Aisen and Leibman., 1972). Lf has a net positive charge and its distributed in various tissue which make it a multifunctional protein. It contributes to various functions in the body such as regulating

Firstly, NMR-based approach may lose some metabolites of interest if its protons are not detectable, or if its concentration is below detectable limits (Psychogios, Hau et al. 2011).Besides, the complexity of bio-fluid could generate a large number of peaks in NMR spectrum and potentially critical metabolites with low concentrations are often overlapped by large peaks, making it difficult for identification and quantification (Pan and Raftery 2007). Moreover, it is relatively insensitive in detecting volatile compounds. In Tampakopoulos’s study where NMR was applied to analyse the rumen composition profile, some volatile metabolites like acetaldehyde, pyruvic, malic, oxalacetic, acrylic and ß-hydroxybutyric acid could not be identified. Besides, the intensity of other important intermediate related to main VFAs, like succinic, fumaric and lactic acids are extremely low, which could lead to difficulties in quantification and unreliable results. Therefore, other analytical techniques should be applied, like GC-MS. GC–MS appears to have better sensitivity and lower detection limit than NMR spectroscopy, especially in analysing volatile compounds. Additional metabolites that were not identified by NMR could be quantified by GC in the study of human serum metabolome and vice versa (Psychogios, Hau et al. 2011), which suggests these two methods could serve as complementary