Running Head : Eliminating Cancer

definition, it is estimated that 1,638,910 men and women will be diagnosed with cancer in 2012

North Central Health District website, 2013). The cancer mortality rate has been on the decline

According to statistics published by the American Cancer Society, there will be an estimated 1.5 million new cancer cases diagnosed each year over the next decade. What factors contribute to the yearly incidence

For our analysis, we used cohort data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER9) Program of the National Cancer Institute with data spanning from 1973-2012. The SEER database collects cancer surveillance data from population-based cancer registries in the United States with an approximate coverage of 30% of the entire US population. This data is de-identified and publicly available data and therefore did not require the approval of an institutional review board.

Only one percent of the known plant and animal species have been examined for medicine potential, but 70% of the 3000 plant species identified as having anti-cancer qualities are found in South American rainforests and others worldwide. These various species aid the science world in a number of different ways:

In Australia, Cancer is acknowledged as a priority issue that needs improving for Australia’s overall health. In 2004, cancer accounted for 28% of all deaths in Australia, 33.3% were males and 25.9% were females. A trend that has occurred between 1991 and 2011 gives Australia’s health, relating to cancer, hope that cancer deaths will continually be declining due to many factors. The trend is, the number of deaths between 1991 and 2011, had majorly declined by 17% and still to today the numbers are declining. Cancer mortality rates could be reduced by changes to lifestyle, for example, no smoking and eating balanced diet. The most common cancers in Australia are non-melanoma skin cancers, which are often self detected and usually

found that the cancer is more common in certain parts of Asia and North Africa, particularly

when compared to the thousands of people in the United States but the number of 1,960 is not

There are twelve major types of cancer that affect most Americans and they can be related by the mutation of genes. Cancer is not just one disease, but a massive group with over 100 diseases by unrestrained and vicarious growth of the cells in the body and have the ability of the cells to propagate. One out of every four Americans will die from cancer. It is the second leading cause of death in this country, surpassed only by heart disease. Five to ten percent of cancer are genetic and hereditary. 1.2 million new cases are found in every year the United States, “Men have a one in two lifetime risk of developing cancer, and for women the risk is one in three” (Freivogel 201).

The American Cancer Society informs us that 1.4 million new cancer cases are found each

I found a report documenting the survival rates of various cancer types for the UK and Ireland, Northern European average, Eastern European average, Central European average and the overall European average. This report was found on the Lancet Oncology website as one of their articles. It was a very helpful, informative paper, the main advantage of using the data is because in the majority of the other papers I looked at was that the data is grouped according to the patient’s ethnicity and not the country of residence. This makes sense from a pharmacokinetics (the metabolism of the drug) perspective to understand the reactions of ethnic groups to the oncology

The war against cancer began in 1971 with the signing of the National Cancer Act by President Richard Nixon. Since then cancer has been in the limelight and billions of dollars’ worth of resources and time spent on research studies were expended, with one goal in mind “find that magic pill” to cure this dreadful disease. Although cancer has received a considerable amount of attention in the past 50 years, it is not a new disease by any means. Cancer has been plaguing man to as far back as the Ancient Greeks, when the disease was first recognized erstwhile between 4th and 5th century B.C.E1. This ancient disease of cancer has been with us it appears since the beginning of man, yet remains just as obscure to us as when is it was first discovered.

In this generation of American society, there is a great emphasis on living a healthy lifestyle from factors such as diet and exercise. Yet today many of the products that Americans use and consume are full of cancer causing agents. In a society where there is a vast amount of research conducted and strict regulations, many daily used products are like a time bomb ready to explode. One-third of all people will develop cancer in our lifetime and one-fourth will die from this disease. Many cancers are due to preventable revelations to industrialized carcinogens and toxins in the food people eat, and household products and cosmetics people use daily.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).3 The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.

The CM data (code C43, the International Classification of Diseases10th revision) registered from 1983 to 2013 were derived from Hong Kong Cancer Registry, Hospital Authority (http://www3.ha.org.hk/cancereg/c_a1b.asp, accessed 18th, June, 2016). Briefly, the Hospital Authority manages the Hong Kong’s public hospital services, and the Hong Kong Cancer Registry is a population-based cancer registry and a member of the International Association of Cancer Registries. The full dataset used in this study was attached as the Supplemental Table S1 and Supplemental Table S2. It contains the following categories: sex, five-year age groups, diagnosed cases, deaths, and age standardized rates (ASRs, per 100,000 person-years) of incidence and