Running Head: Written Assignment Unit 2 1. Psyc 1111: Introduction

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. It can have a devastating impact on one’s emotion, physical, occupation and social life. While it occasionally can be seen in the clinical setting as a primary diagnosis, it most often presents as a comorbidity to a medical or psychiatric issue;

With regard to sleepiness, several studies indicated that the average of sleep duration in 1910 to 2002 have decreased from 9 to 6 hours on workdays (National sleep foundation, 2002; Groger et al., 2004). Recently, a survey study of Roger et al. (2004) shows that an American Nurses have an average of 84 minutes more sleep on non workdays. Thus, shift work suggested as a cause of sleeping disorder among nurses where they feel of sleep during the shift. Considering the contributing factors of sleepiness, the literature identified that long working hours and rotating shifts are causing sleeping disorder. In the night and rotating shifts, the nurses are rarely obtained adequate amount of sleep. In fact, the nurses experiencing less sleeping hours (1 to 4 hour) than normal sleeping (Zeisler et al.,1980). Nevertheless, insufficient sleep is a significant reason of damaging planning, decision-making, and integration of information (Krueger, 1994; Harrison and Horne, 2000). More recent studies have revealed that long hour shifts and overtime are strongly linked to the difficulties of being a wake through the shift which leads to increase the risk of making an error (Scott et al., 2006; Roger et al., 2004).

In my paper, I will tackle insomnia from various perspectives: definitions, types, causes, effects, and means of solutions.

According to National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) an estimated 70 million Americans suffer from sleep problems, in which 60 percent are chronic disorders. The NCSDR also estimates $15.9 billion to the national health care bill are correlated to sleep disorders, sleep deprivation, and generalized sleepiness. Consequently, this has increased the cost of lost work production, accidents connected to lack of sleep, and/or contribute to other health problems (National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, 2016).

PSQI, a 19-item tool, assessed self-rated sleep quality measures over the prior month, and with a score of 5 or greater associated with poor sleep. ESS, an 8-item self-rated questionnaire, evaluated the impact of subjective perceived sleepiness on daily functioning in eight different environments with a score of 9 or greater being associated with a burden of day-time sleepiness. ISI, a 7-item tool, identified the presence, rated the severity and described the impact of insomnia with a score of 10 or greater identified as positive for

As a college student, the information David Randall presents is very intriguing due to the fact that most of us are sleep deprived due to late night studying, among other things. It is very evident that Randall relies on statistics to build and progress his argument. He tells us how over time certain statistics have increases and by how much. This opens our eyes and makes us realize that there really is an issue. By providing these sources Randall becomes trustworthy and our doubt of whether this is true or not are put to rest. The author comes into contact with our feels once he brings in true stories to the picture. He informs us of the incidents that have occurred due to sleep deprivation. At this point the issue becomes more than a statistical

The epidemiological study included data from 1,074 college students. The data consisted of sleep diaries and questions assessing mental health topics, such as stress, depression and anxiety. The results demonstrated that those with insomnia also were more likely to experience worse cases of stress, depression, and anxiety. This epidemiological study demonstrates a unique factor – insomnia – in the role of poor mental health, which can be brought into discussion at the community meeting. Many people and students know insomnia is an issue, but they just view it as a normal part of the college

Sleep deprivation is a serious concern among college students, who are "among the most sleep-deprived age group in the United States," (Central Michigan University, 2008). It is important to study the causes of sleep deprivation, or sleep disorders, among college students. According to Park (2009), "dozens of studies have linked an increase in nightly sleep to better cognition and alertness." A study by Central Michigan University (2008) found that sleep deprivation can lead to poor academic performance, impaired driving, depression, and behavioral problems. There are several variables that may affect sleeping patterns among college students. One is genetics or biological issues. It is highly

Success in life is typically measured by the result of what is accomplished during the waking hours. The degree of effectiveness of those hours however, depend on effective rest. “Sleep is integral to the health and well-being of all people” (Wells 233). Sleep is simply defined as the body’s rest cycle – a time to recharge. The widely accepted metric for normal or sufficient sleep is about 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep. When this metric is not met, either through total sleep loss or accumulated sleep debt, the effect can be dire, “Sleep deprivation results in poor memorizing, schematic thinking, which yields wrong decisions, and emotional disturbances such as deteriorated interpersonal responses and increased aggressiveness” (Orzeł-Gryglewska 95). Sleep deprivation hinders the abilities of the mind, harms the body, and shortens length of life.

The effects of long work hours, resulting in insufficient sleep have been well documented (Rogers, 2008). Insufficient sleep alone has been noted to cause cognitive problems, mood alterations, reduced job performance, reduced motivation, increased safety risks, and physiological changes (Rogers, 2008). Failure to obtain a sufficient amount of sleep is even an important contributor to medical errors (Rogers, 2008). Now think of the effects of sleep, and add in stressful work environments, short-staffing, pressure from administration, and unexpected events, we can begin to realize how patient outcomes may be greatly compromised.

The rest of both the groups were made up entirely of men totalling in fifty-nine, the insomniac group containing twenty-two men while the controlled group contained thirty-seven. This is important to note as since not only were the groups not gender equal with numbers, the groups themselves were uneven and unmatched, making the conclusions of this study controversial. The results of testing cognitive function showed no distinct difference claiming that the tests’ results were not affected by insomnia. However it was noted that the insomniac group was found to be nervous, irritable, dull, light headed, and seemed to have loss of their motor control. One study did have conclusive results on the study of insomnia and they had the test subjects rest and tested them, then stay up for 62 hours and tested them. Then they allowed the subjects to rest and retested them again. The results on the test of accuracy while the subjects were getting limited sleep their results went down and it was noticed there was a massive decrease in mental efficiency. After regaining their sleep the subjects scores were said to have stayed the same for accuracy. According to the results the memory and speed seemed to be the functions affected

     “Insomnia is the inability to obtain adequate amount or quality of sleep. The difficulty can be with falling asleep, remaining asleep, or both” (“Insomnia Encyclopedia“). Sleeping is a major point in physically and mentally restoring yourself for the tasks ahead. Most people say that about eight hours of sleep is an adequate amount, however it differs from person to person depending on their sex, age, and health conditions. An estimated one-third of the population suffers from some form of insomnia. “In recent studies, a survey reported that 30% of American women and 20% of American men took medication to help them sleep during the course of a year” (“Insomnia”). The medications these people took are called

What do the effects of sleep deprivation have on people? When a person does not get enough sleep, he or she is depriving his or her body of something that it needs. A delightful sleep is one of the most satisfying human experiences with a role to play in supporting a good mood and cognitive acuity as well as in promoting physiologic balance and resilience (Chittora, Jain and Suhalka). People think because they get an insufficient number of hours of sleep, they will not have an emotional impact by it. Sleep is a required need for peoples’ day to day life to be able to perform and stay healthy emotionally and physically. The effects of sleep deprivation are an issue because it affects mood, performance, and health.

Insomnia can sap not only your energy level and mood but also your health, work performance and quality of life. Insomnia is the most common sleep complaint among Americans it can be either acute, lasting one to several nights, or chronic, even lasting months to years. According to the Insomnia “ JAMA; The Journal of the American Medical Association, about thirty to forty percent of adults say they have some symptoms of insomnia within a given year and about ten to fifty percent of adults say they have chronic insomnia. (Insomnia “ JAMA; The Journal of the American Medical Association) Insomnia is higher among older people and woman, the reason woman suffer loss of sleep is in connection with menstruation, pregnancy and menopause. Insomnia sometimes may occur when you are stress whether it is short-term or long-term for some people for instance, problems in a marriage or relationship, loss of a love one, a job. But as well in preparing or anticipating for an event like arrival of a newborn baby, weddings, vacations or holidays makes it even harder to fall asleep. My friends Rosa and Ruby are having symptoms of insomnia disorder because they recently had their newborn baby daughter’s. But I hope they are able to maintain a sleeping schedule for their daughters at certain hours in order for them to get their sleep back. Preventing insomnia it is important to remember to maintain a consistent sleeping schedule and also should avoid too much caffeinate drinks during the eight hours before sleeping. Treatment for insomnia, you can go to a psychiatrist they can prescribe antidepressants or another medications to help your sleeping problems and any mood or anxiety disorder you might have. (The literary Insomniac: stories and essays for sleepless

The term ‘Shift work’ is usually referred to uniformly divided allocations of the day in which individuals participate alternatively to provide twenty four hour coverage. A shift in sleep schedule conflicts with the body’s natural clock also known as the circadian rhythm into interpreting the time as ‘inappropriate’ and disrupts the homeostatic regulation cycle resulting in poor health outcomes. Fortunately, it is deemed possible to counter unfavourable effects of alternating insomnia and sleepiness through certain practices.