Rural Non Farm Activities

The primary objective of this literature review is to understand the concept of Rural Markets in India, and to find out the opportunities and challenges faced by these rural markets according to the researches already conducted. The Rural Markets, as a part of the economy have been untapped and have a huge potential. The urban markets in India are saturated and even though the contribution of agricultural sector has gone down in the GDP, India still lives in her villages.

The areas affected by corporatization of farming are food, economic, health, and environment. According to article “Corporatization of Agricultural Policy” by Ikerd (2010) reads, “Market economies have a natural tendency to evolve toward ever greater concentration of economic power (p. 1).” The economic power is created by the attempt to maximize production at minimal cost. The economic power with corporatization of farming is harsh treatment of land and animals, reduction of limited resources, and increase in product cost. Also, risks rise with corporatization from waste. Waste contains viruses and disease. However, there is more spending in the rural areas than the cities which boost jobs and business for revenues for schools, health clinics, police, and fire

Technological advancements have been a strong driver of change in agriculture over the last 100 years. “Technology is, in fact, the key force driving the shift of farm activities off farms” (Smith, 1992, p. 8). After the World Wars, mechanical advancements were made at a rapid pace. “Advances in mechanization and increasing availability of chemical inputs led to ever-increasing economies of scale that spurred rapid growth in average farm size, accompanied by an equally rapid decline in the number of farms and in the farm and rural populations” (Dimitri, Effland, & Conklin, 2005, p. 6). Essentially, the use of mechanization has dramatically increased the supply of agricultural products while also drastically reducing the size of the necessary workforce. “The amount of capital used per farmworker increased 15 times between 1930 and 1980, permitting a fivefold increase in the amount of land cultivated per farmer” (McConnell,

on agriculture, stresses on food self-sufficiency and employment to the rural people as the top priorities. Nevertheless, this food self-sufficiency is under strong constraints and handicaps, particularly from the massive rural population growth which consequently leading to illiteracy, ignorance, and backwardness. Besides, alarming also leading to land under cultivation is not only diminishing but also gets further fragmented, ecology degraded, infrastructural facilities do not match with the growth of rural population. This problem has been aggravated mainly by demographic pressure which leads to a large number of very small fields of the country and poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, transport, educational institutions, communication, health, warehousing etc. Unless these problems are strategically attended and pragmatic efforts are initiated, India, can’t flourish its rural areas and communities. Keeping these in view, the present paper tries to identify the impediments in implementing rural development programmes and pragmatic efforts to overcome them for ensuring equitable and sustainable development in rural

Since many rural households derive income from some form of non-farm activity, increasing the profitability and range of such activities would improve their ways of living security and living conditions (Awoyemi, 2004). However, expansion of these opportunities related to the asset status and barriers to entry resulting from inadequate or differential access to markets (Ellis, 2000). It is obvious that rural economy is not based on agriculture but rather on a diverse means of activities and enterprises. Much recent thinking on this subject is based on the concept of livelihood diversification as a survival strategy of rural households in developing countries (Ellis, 1998). Farming remains important but rural people are looking for diverse opportunities to increase and stabilize their incomes.

The biggest factor impacting Rural Australia has been the changes to the economic viability of primary production, one of the largest sources of income for Australia (Australian Government, 2008), affected by globalization, deregulation, privatisation and reduction/withdrawal of services, rising

Education and literacy level of rural market is comparatively less than urban market, hence requirement

Differing from the urban sector, the rural sector has low wages that fluctuate according to the demand and supply conditions. In the rural sector, there is no unionization and the government policies are difficult to implement. Furthermore, the bulk of labor is family labor which is unskilled, so there is little incentive for the employers to pay higher wages.

When one hears the word rural, the first thing that would come to mind is small and more on the countryside. Living in rural areas does have its obstacles, especially in the health care force. For rural health care, they provide the same as its urban counterparts, but it does have its limits, which is a downfall. In rural areas, for those who are living there have to face “a unique combination of factors that create disparities in health care” (A), factors such as economic struggle, the transportations, etc. For those who live in a rural setting, they don’t get as much benefits because the smaller a place is, then the less room there will be to build necessities

This course covers the distinctive sorts of hierarchical structures and different business choice influencing rural foundations. Points will cover the productive utilization of human and characteristic

To bring about a fast and sustainable economic development thru diverse reforms, the rural development initiatives should sharply cognizance on human’s participation and rural corporations as the key attributes for their success followed through equally important elements, idea of integrated development, growth center technique, planning process technique, communication system to

A great deal of attention has been paid to the establishment of an efficient credit market in the rural areas of developing countries over past few decades. This has been motivated by the fact that widespread shortage of finance can act as critical barrier to agricultural growth and development in rural areas. Lack of supply of credit can make adoption of new production technologies unaffordable to the farmers and delay the growth in agricultural sector. Accessing formal credit has always been difficult for farmers as small or no collateral, inadequate foreclosure capability along with weak reinforcement arrangement in the rural areas of developing countries make them very much unattractive for commercial banks to engage in any lending activity. This absence of formal credit market led to the rise of informal credit markets in many developed countries. This was an attempt to reduce the borrowing constraint that the poor farmers face and to improve the their access to small loans and deposits. The whole movement got an institutional structure in the beginning of 1980’s when micro-lending institutions such as Grameen Bank from Bangladesh and IRB from Indonesia showed that providing small loans to the poor individuals in large scale can turn out to be a profitable venture. In contrary to the donor or government driven subsidized rural credit programs, these institutions designed a less costly and more efficient monitoring procedure to ensure repayments and

In this chapter the diffusion of innovation model, particularly the variables which influences an innovation 's rate of adoption (after Rogers, 2003), and elements of smallholder farmer by HLPE (2013) (see Figure 11) will be viewed through SLA. The commonly known variables determining the rate of technology adoption in agriculture were listed by Rogers (2003). These variables include perceived attributes of

Carswell (2003, p.137; see also Mayer 1961, p. 15) observed the houses for the rural farmers are using simply built with corrugated iron sheets being nailed to a timber frame. The source of electricity for the rural households are often diesel operated generators and rarely few households closer to the highway would have mainlined electricity (Carswell 2003, p. 137). Cooking is mostly done over an earth stove with open fire using firewood or on gas rings (Carswell 2003, p. 137). These households often have piped water

However, understanding the rural people and predicting their behavior can prove to be a daunting task because of their diverse and varied characteristics. A lot of careful attention and effort is required in this direction.