Introduction: Streptococcus iniae is a gram-positive, coccoid first reported in 1976 after being isolated from subcutaneous abscesses in captive Amazon freshwater dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) (Pier & Madin, 1976). S. iniae has since become a major fish pathogen in aquacultures worldwide. Its major significance is as an aetiological agent of streptococcosis in farmed fish and is known to infect tilapia, red drum, hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout (SOURCE). The estimated impact of infections caused by S. iniae on the American aquaculture industry was USD$10M. Globally, the impact in estimated at USD$100M (Shoemaker et al., 2000). Recently, S. iniae has emerged as a growing human threat, as there have currently been 25 cases of human infection (Facklam et al., 2005). S. iniae enters the host by…. Once a pathogen is inside its host, it must evade recognition and killing by the host’s immune system. As the pathogen …show more content…
Bacterial proteins that utilize manganese include Mn-dependent superoxide dismutases and catalases, required for oxidative stress response from reactive oxygen species (ROS); proteins required fro glycolisis such as pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate mutase; ppGpp, an alarome involved in the stringent response in bacteria among many others (Kehl-Fie & Skaar, 2010). Likewise, extracellular zinc can have drastic effects on invading microbes. Zinc is the second most abundant transition metal within vertebrate hosts, and has been suggested to interact with up to 10% of host proteins and is crucial for proper immune function (Andreini et al., 2006; Wintergerst et al., 2006). In Streptococcus pneumoniae, it has been suggested that extracellular zinc may outcompete manganese for uptake via the cell-surface lipoprotein Psa (Eijkelkamp,
NDM-1 is a metallo-B-lactamase and has 1 or 2 zinc ions in the active site. It was isolated from a patient that visited India in 2008; the patient had contracted a urinary tract infection. From this discovery, it was found that NDM-1 was found in different species in the same patient and located on a plasmid. This plasmid was linked with gene conversing resistance to all B-lactams and other antibiotic classes, also affecting virulence and pathogenesis. There was an increase of nosocomial infections from bacteria that was associated with NDM-1 and has been liked to traveling to India, Pakistan, and the Balkans. These nosocomial infections are specific to surgeries, including transplantation and cosmetic surgeries. Healthcare professionals
Ileus is a condition in which the intestines, also called the bowels, stop working correctly. If the intestines stop working, food cannot pass through. The intestines are hollow organs that digest food after the food leaves the stomach. These organs are long, muscular tubes that connect the stomach to the rectum. When ileus occurs, the muscular contractions that cause food to move through the intestines stop happening as they normally would.
Zinc plays important roles in the functioning and homeostasis of the normal prostate, being a major constituent of it and having a concentration three to 10-fold higher than other soft tissues. (2).
The body also needs zinc to make proteins and DNA, the genetic material in all cells
If a pathogen breaches barriers: innate immune response result into an immediate effect of non- specific response. All Innate immune systems derived from plants and animals, when a pathogen evades the innate response, a third layer of protection is possessed by vertebrates in which activation of adaptive immune system takes place. The immune system response adopts itself within an infection and pathogen recognition is improved. As a result of the improved response, its then retains itself when the pathogen is eliminated in form of an immunological memory and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger when pathogen is encountered each time.
S. invicta is on the “100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species” list, which is compiled by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG 2010) of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). A federal quarantine (Figure 1) has been placed on S. invicta for much of the southern United States being enforced by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (APHIS 2013).
It is an essential trace mineral that provides a wide range of benefits if consumed appropriately. Ultimately selenium is responsible for aiding an organism with the production of an antioxidant enzyme. These remarkable enzymes are in charge of preventing cellular damage (cancer, for instance) and play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Dr. William T. Self’s research revolves around the complexity of selenium and the targeting of the metabolism of selenium in pathogens. Dr. William T. Self’s research investigates the underlying hypothesis of anaerobes, organisms that do not require air to grow, needing the presence of selenium-dependent oxidoreductases and/or D-proline reductase in order to function normally. In other words, examining the metabolic processes dealing with such minerals as selenium is of significant value in understanding the chemical processes that take place in a given
Humans are lucky because they have an amazing system for fighting and clearing infectious agents from their bodies. There are many ways in which the immune system, my nemesis, fights off infections to return the human back to his original healthy state. While the immune system may be smart, I am smarter. Infectious agents, like myself, are continuously developing new ways to evade the human’s immune system. Today, I will give you a glimpse into my life and walk you through how I enter the body and evade the ever-present surveillance of the immune system.
Dr. Itard is known for the “Itard Catheter.” He created the hearing aid to assist the hearing impaired. In addition, he designed several methods for the education of deaf people. Dr. Itard was the first to describe a condition known to day as the Syndrome of Tourette. This is a tic disorder which causes involuntary movement and vocalization or both. Itard is specially known for his research and strategies used involvement of Victor, the “Wild Boy of Aveyron.” In his working with Victor, Dr. Itard created techniques that were important in the development of Special Education Programs. In addition, his notes became known the Educational Entry Education Plan, which is now called the Individual Educational Plan. Dr. Itard used different
The innate immune response is meant to prevent further invasion and replication of the pathogen
The review article chosen is titled, ‘Targeting of host organelles by pathogenic bacteria: a sophisticated subversion strategy’. It was published on the 23rd of November 2013 and written by Pedro Escoll, Sonia Mondino, Monica Rolando and Carmen Buchrieser of the Institut Pasteur in France. It explores how it has been discovered that bacterial pathogens have evolved to override normal eukaryotic cell behaviour in order to enter these cells and replicate, as well as shutting down the immune responses against these pathogens by reversing the roles of eukaryotic immune defence cells. The article itself is directed towards the scientific community,
In a nutshell, Lorem Ipsum is just random filler text generated using a combination of different Latin words, which in terms of letter distribution, looks almost identical to actual English, making it great for example text for custom document or presentation templates, while still not containing any actual information. You can learn more about Lorem Ipsum, and generate some Lorem Ipsum for yourself at
The innate immunity provides an early phase of defence mechanism against intruding microorganisms, mediated by phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), having the ability to distinguish between self and non-self (pathogens). The innate immune system recognises microorganisms by germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on all types of cells. The metabolic products generated by microbial pathogens rather than the host allow the immune system to differentiate between the self and non-self. The pattern recognition receptors function to identify the molecule elements on microbes, which are acknowledged as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The elements of microbes that
All bacteria require certain amounts of transition metals to sustain life. These metals are necessary to carry out important metabolic processes in the cell. Among other things, transition metals can act as cofactors and they can be incorporated into metalloenzymes, transcription factors and storage proteins (10). A. baumannii requires efficient mechanisms to acquire these transition metals, especially when confined in a human host. The human host carries an abundant amount of metals that can be harnessed by invading pathogens. To hinder a bacterium’s exploitation of these metals, the human host employs a variety of techniques collectively termed “nutritional immunity” (10). For instance, calprotectin (CP) in the host chelates intracellular stores of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) to inhibit bacterial growth [5]. All pathogens require essential metals such as iron to sustain life. Iron is a significant component in oxidative phosphorylation, contributing to ATP production (21). The human host also sequesters iron via various mechanisms in an attempt to further inhibit bacterial growth. These iron limitation strategies include storing iron intracellularly by complexing it to ferritin, serum transferrin and lactoferrin in mucosal surfaces (10). In the blood, iron is also complexed to heme (10). Even when a red blood cell is lysed, hemoglobin is quickly bound by haptoglabin and free heme is bound by hemeopexin (Hpx), further limiting A. baumannii’s access to iron (10).
Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the earth’s crust, it is a metallic chemical element which has “exceptional biological importance” (Bonaventura et al., 2015). Zn is involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism such as: protein synthesis, cellular respiration, wound healing, DNA synthesis, cell division, and immune function (Bonaventura et al., 2015). For as many essential functions Zn is necessary for it also has the potential to interact with at least as many biological functions to induce adverse effects (Maret and Sandstead, 2006). For these reasons Zn deficiency and toxicity is linked to a number of diseases and particularly immune diseases affecting both the innate and adaptive immune systems (Bonaventura et al., 2015, Maares and Haase, 2016).Therefore, a disruption in Zn homeostasis can lead to compromised host defense and an increased risk of excessive inflammation (Maares and Haase, 2016).