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S. Iniae Research Paper

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Introduction: Streptococcus iniae is a gram-positive, coccoid first reported in 1976 after being isolated from subcutaneous abscesses in captive Amazon freshwater dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) (Pier & Madin, 1976). S. iniae has since become a major fish pathogen in aquacultures worldwide. Its major significance is as an aetiological agent of streptococcosis in farmed fish and is known to infect tilapia, red drum, hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout (SOURCE). The estimated impact of infections caused by S. iniae on the American aquaculture industry was USD$10M. Globally, the impact in estimated at USD$100M (Shoemaker et al., 2000). Recently, S. iniae has emerged as a growing human threat, as there have currently been 25 cases of human infection (Facklam et al., 2005). S. iniae enters the host by…. Once a pathogen is inside its host, it must evade recognition and killing by the host’s immune system. As the pathogen …show more content…

Bacterial proteins that utilize manganese include Mn-dependent superoxide dismutases and catalases, required for oxidative stress response from reactive oxygen species (ROS); proteins required fro glycolisis such as pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate mutase; ppGpp, an alarome involved in the stringent response in bacteria among many others (Kehl-Fie & Skaar, 2010). Likewise, extracellular zinc can have drastic effects on invading microbes. Zinc is the second most abundant transition metal within vertebrate hosts, and has been suggested to interact with up to 10% of host proteins and is crucial for proper immune function (Andreini et al., 2006; Wintergerst et al., 2006). In Streptococcus pneumoniae, it has been suggested that extracellular zinc may outcompete manganese for uptake via the cell-surface lipoprotein Psa (Eijkelkamp,

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