SEP : A Stable Election Protocol Analysis

It was observed that as the number of nodes increase, so would the network lifetime. There are three states in the defined in GAF. These states are: finding in which neighbours are decided in the grid, active for reflecting the participation and sleep in which radio is turned off. The transitions of state are shown

Public policy is affected by the decisions of the congressional and presidential process due to the fact that these parties cannot agree on certain issues. The congressional electoral process offers more individualism among its members than among legislators. Congress seeks for re-elections because they want to maintain a personal reputation among voters. The presidential process is composed of various steps that every candidate needs to go through to get elected. When both electoral are on a campaign they tend to make certain promises to the public that cannot be kept for the future. such as a better education or college students receiving help to pay off their student loans. The congressional primary elections can go in a battle

maximization of network lifetime [8]. This protocol is also divided into two phase: 1. Clustering and 2. Routing of aggregated data. In clustering phase, a fixed topological arrangement is done by sensor nodes. In the data aggregation phase, heuristic is proposed. The advantage is that it provides energy efficiency and network lifetime also be increased.

In this section, we present the details of proposed protocol. Our protocol implements the idea of probabilities for cluster heads selection based on initial energy and residual energy of sensor nodes as well as the average energy of the sensor network.

A "Candidate-Centered" election is when candidates focus on themselves and the issues they believe are important. Candidate-Centered election started with the legislative reforms of the 1970s. At this time members started to focus more on the constituents and less on political party. Congress members started working more in the areas they represented. Members focused more on projects for their constituents and using more resources to enhance the quality of life, so they could get reelected.

It can also be shown that the sensitivities satisfy the following recurrence relation in equation 3.12

In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed DCHS algorithm, we compare MILP with the energy consumption and delay constrained routing protocol.

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

routing. In this chapter, we introduce some popular routing protocols in each of the three

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

In an overview of this week’s readings the central focus of material was primarily centered around the PRI and their ability to control and overwhelmingly dominate the political realm of Mexico during the entirety of the 20th century. There are three main factors I taken away which could contribute to the constant rule of an authoritarian/ democratic mix that is the single-party system of the PRI; corruption, resources, and weak political opponents. As mentioned in lecture the amount of corruption that actually took place during the reign of PRI control is unaccountable; from clientelism to selective repression, corruption at the local and national level was ever apparent. Hellman explains both types of these in ‘The Student Movement of 1968’ by showing the dominance of PRI and their handling of “serious movements in the past which disintegrated when leadership was bought off (clientelism) or eliminated

For decades, Canadians have been defending their right to have a fair and open electoral system. Since its creation in 1867, Canada has been proud to call itself a true democratic country, but today there would be many people who disagree with this statement. The Canadian electoral system, which uses First Past The Post (FPTP), has come under scrutiny for not being as fair as it claims to be. Over the past couple of decades, many countries have switched their system to Proportional Representation (PR) or some form of it. Based on successful results in other nations, Canada’s current FPTP system should change to Mixed Member Proportional (MMP), which is a form of Proportional Representation, as it will allow for more fair elections. The intent of this paper is to outline how an electoral reform from First Past the Post to Proportional Representation or Mixed-Member Proportional, will lead to more confidence in the government, more accurate seat-vote percentage, and better overall representation of the population.

This article analyzes the factors that contributed to the development of the two-party system and their impacts. The former Treasury Department economist and author, Bartlett, explain how the lack of stability in the parliamentary system is a disadvantage for the third parties. This problem is mainly caused by the executive branch controlling the legislative branch, which sometimes results in controlling both houses of Congress. He unfolds the history of how the Founding Fathers wanted to limit the influence of the president on the legislative branch and rejected the ideology of pure democracy by having the president elected by the Electoral College. Bartlett points the needs of getting the majority vote of the Electoral College is a disadvantage

Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of democracy. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) is a simple electronic device used to record votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier in conventional voting system .With significant U.S. federal funds we now have replaced the outdated punch-card and mechanical voting systems, and are adopting paperless electronic voting systems from a number of different vendors. My analysis shows that this voting system is below the minimal security standards. Threats of computer viruses or hacker-orchestrated attacks are most commonly mentioned as problems that could compromise an election and public confidence in electronic voting. Other potential technical problems or issues include power outages or malfunctions in Internet connectivity as well as the possibility of servers shutting down or crashing. The reliable recording and storage of votes is also an important consideration, I conclude that this voting system is unsuitable for use in a general election. Any paperless electronic voting system might suffer similar flaws, despite any “certification” it could have otherwise received. I suggest that the best solutions are voting systems having a “voter-verifiable audit trail, “where a computerized voting system might print a paper ballot that can be read and verified

(4) B calculates 〖CB〗_i =f〖(P,P)〗^bi for i = 0 to t-1 as the commitments of S_2 and P_2(x). These values are transmitted to A via multiple paths so that they certainly reach A.