SPEECH MECHANISM

Speech is often based on concatenation of natural speech i.e units, that are taken from natural speech put together to form a word or sentence. Concatenative speech synthesis .has become very popular in recent years due to its improved

The vocal note produced by the vibrations of the vocal folds is complex and made up of periodic (regular and repetitive) and aperiodic (irregular and non-repetitive) sound waves. The aperiodic waves are random noise introduced into the vocal signal owing to irregular or asymmetric adduction (closing) of the vocal folds. Noise impairs the clarity of the vocal note and too much noise is perceived as hoarseness.

The respiratory system consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. These provide a passageway to allow air in and out of the body. Every cell in the body requires oxygen to survive.

➢ Inhaled air enters the nasal cavity, where it is cleaned, warmed and humidified on its way through the pharynx.

Air moves in through the lungs and on into the air sacs before moving back through the lungs and out again. Air passes through the lungs twice with each breathing cycle - twice that of mammals.

Passages that filter incoming air and transport it through the body, into the lungs and to many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanges is called the respiratory system. Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmospheres and the body’s cells. There are several events that happen in the respiratory system they

During inspiration, the diaphragm and the surrounding muscles contract. The diaphragm moves down increasing the volume of the chest cavity, and the surrounding muscles pull the rib up to allow further increase in volume. This increase of volume decreases the air pressure in the alveoli

The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passages. The system functions to bring in air and extract oxygen and remove carbon dioxide*. The body can hold 4 to 6 minutes worth of oxygen so the respiratory system must work at all times to prevent death. There are multiple parts to the respiratory system for example, the nose has nostrils or nares. It contains a nasal septum which divides the nose into hollow spaces called nasal cavities. The nose filters the air with the mucus produced. Also located in the nose are the olfactory receptors, and nasolacrimal ducts. The sinuses which are resonating chambers of cavities located in the skull. A larger part of the respiratory system is the pharynx also known as the throat. It is located directly behind the nasal area, divided into three parts; nasopharynx(upper portion), Oropharynx(middle portion), Laryngopharynx (lower portion). The larynx also known as the “voice box” located between the trachea and pharynx. Trachea also known as the windpipe extends from the larynx to the center of the chest; its functions to carry air between the pharynx and bronchi. The bronchi function to carry air to the lungs. The right bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider compared to the left.Bronchi continue to branch off into smaller bronchioles, the smallest is called terminal bronchioles which deliver air to the alveoli. 500 million alveoli, which have a rich network of capillaries needed for exchange of oxygen and CO2( taken place

moving air through the nasal cavity to the lungs and back out. It is also called ventilation.

It is also often referred to as the "windpipe." The trachea then branches off like a tree. The first splits of this "tree" are the bronchi, and the smallest branches are called the bronchioles. Thus after air travels through the trachea, it then reaches the bronchi, and spreads throughout the bronchioles.

Phonology – use of sounds and how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

Air can be breathed in through both the nose and the naval cavity, or the mouth, also known as the oral cavity. The air, regardless of the path taken, will always lead to the pharynx, a space located at the back of throat. It will progress through the larynx,

• Air enters the trachea after passing the larynx and enters into the two primary bronchi and ends in the terminal bronchioles.

This means that air does not pass through the vocal cords and so speech is not possible. Sometimes patients can have a tracheostomy tube that allows some air to go through the vocal chords and out of the mouth. Patients can have this type of tube if they are able to swallow without difficulty and if they do not need a tracheostomy tube with an inflated cuff in order to get air into the lungs.

Every language constitutes its own sound system, and this sound system is a very important aspect when learning or studying a language. Along with this sound system are the prosodic features of a language. This study is about the phonological system and the prosodic features of