SS-31 Case Study

Iron Deficiency Anemia affects millions of individuals across the world. This disease strikes many more women than men and has harmful effects on all who suffer from this deficiency that causes oxygen-carrying capacity to decrease. The causes can vary amongst different groups, but the aggravating symptoms remain constant. Much of the research on Iron Deficiency Anemia concentrates on not only the treatment of this disease, but also the prevention of it. To attain a better understanding of how to treat this problem, one must clearly know what Iron Deficiency Anemia means, what causes this disease, the effects of it, and finally how to cure it.

Iron is used in metabolical functions, in red-blood cells to carry oxygen, and in enzymes, to speed up reaction rates. One molecule that contains iron is hemoglobin, found in red-blood cells.

Iron is one of the important minerals that is required for our bodies to function properly. Most of the iron in our body is found in the blood such as haemoglobin, approximately 60 -70% of the human body’s iron is found in the haemoglobin, a protein in the blood that transports oxygen. Iron is also present in muscle tissue and some enzymes. There are two types of iron in the body which are “Heme Iron” from animal products and “Non-Heme Iron” vegetables and

Iron is an important nutrient because it helps carry oxygen in the hemoglobin in red blood cells around the human body. When a healthy iron supply is reached, the body immediately stops absorbing the nutrient, and just lets it past through the digestive system. However, people with hemochromatosis absorb all the iron from the food consumed, past healthy levels.­­­­­­ All the extra iron spreads throughout the body, and unevitably causes great damage to major organs and almost all other parts of the body. According to Survival of the Sickest, "hemochromatosis can lead to liver failure, heart failure, diabetes, arthritis, infertility, psychiatric disorders,... cancer," and other diseases if left untreated (Maulem

The ∆F508 defect is characterized by the absence of 3 base pairs at the 508th position on the CFTR gene, resulting in non-production of phenylalanine which is an important amino acid for nutrition.3 In other types of mutations, the CFTR protein can be only partially synthesized, not synthesized at all, or present but activated or processed abnormally due to abnormal chloride levels in the body.1 An ∆F508 mutation type appears to be most prevalent in Caucasians with cystic fibrosis and interestingly enough, other types of mutations appear to be more common in causing cystic fibrosis in other ethnicities.3

Dr. Moalem explains that hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease prominent in genes of descendants of western Europeans, and the disease causes an overflow of iron in the body while macrophages end up with less iron (2, 12). He further states that macrophages lacking in iron prevent infections from obtaining iron, and successfully starve off those same infectious agents (Moalem 13). Dr. Moalem believes that this diseases is present in the genes of many humans today since the body can then lock iron in order to defend the body’s systems, thus preventing immediate disease but also long term health problems.

Differentiation is also associated with changes in mitochondrial activity. The data presented in table 3 summaries XTT assay results where no significant difference in mitochondrial activity was seen between the DMSO-treated and untreated FLC cells. This resulting non-significant result does not follow what is expected between undifferentiated cells and the DMSO-treated, differentiated cells. A possible explanation for this is that the differentiated cells present in the DMSO-treated culture have not yet fully matured into an erythrocyte (mature erythroid phenotype). Overall, the results of this experiment support how differentiation leads to a loss of proliferation and accumulation of haemoglobin but do not support the hypothesis that change in mitochondrial content that is associated with differentiation.

Markers of iron status suggest a lower prevalence of iron deficiency in the MSC compared to local controls: transferrin saturation <16% = 25% [N=835] vs 47%[N=79] in controls. Moreover, our data suggest that higher iron status (but not iron overload) assessed by transferrin saturation is associated with lower daytime and nocturnal haemoglobin oxygen saturations [36]. Transferrin saturation is not associated with haemoglobin concentrations in SCD cases, compared to a strong correlation in the non-SCA controls, whilst adequate iron status assessed by the F-index (ratio of soluble transferrin receptor to logged ferritin), is paradoxically associated with greatly increased odds of having averaged steady state haemoglobin concentrations in the lowest septile (RR=5.45 [2.71/10.96] P<0.001). Hence iron will not be included in the fortificants of the current intervention.

As living creature’s animals and people iron is one of many essential minerals we that need to stay alive. Iron is required to produce red blood cells through a process called haematopoiesis. It is also an important component of the red blood cells (in hemoglobin) where the iron is present when that is transporting oxygen from the lungs then throughout the body. Once the oxygen delivered the iron binds to the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and the carbon is exhaled. It has many other functions: maintain homeostasis, metabolism (conversion of blood sugar to energy, production of enzymes, amino acids, new cells, hormones, etc.). The metabolisms process is allowing people to maintain healthy cells of skin, nails, hair, internal organs, and everything else that allows a person to be alive. However too little iron could cause a condition known as iron deficiency such as anemia. If someone has too much iron it can cause a person to become toxic as the storage of iron increases it would cause Hemochromatosis and other conditions. For the research, I have selected House: season three and episode 23 “The Jerk”.

Despite the popular belief that Iron mainly come from meat (particularly red meat), is more likely that

It is converted by dihydrofolate reductase to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate. These folic acid congeners are transported by receptor-mediated endocytosis across cells where they are needed to maintain normal red blood cells production (erythropoiesis). They also interconvert amino acids, methylate tRNA, generate and use formate, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids (Mahmood, 2014). Folic acid can normalize high homocysteine levels by remethylation of homocysteine to methionine via methionine synthetase in healthy subjects (De Meer et al., 2005).

Copper is one of the most important element which is required for the development, growth, and maintenance of bone, brain, heart, connective tissue and many other body organs. In the creation of RBC’s it plays an important role. It also takes part in the iron absorption and utilization.

Mitochondrial integrity is principal to efficient energy procedures and cardiac cell survival in response to diverse set of stressors, such as ischemia and various genotoxic parameters, such as infectious and immunological agents. The mitochondria are one of the major sources of adenine triphosphate, or ATP, via the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation system and also provide a myriad service to the cell, such as pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and amino acid, fatty acid, and steroid metabolism (3,4). The myocardium is a highly oxidative tissue, producing > 90% of its energy from mitochondrial respiration (5,6). However, at least 90% of the heart`s oxidative capacity is utilized during exercise, thus allowing for considerable

Iron Storage Disease (ISD) is a serious condition that affects many animals, including rhinoceroses. ISD is only found in browser rhinoceroses (African black, Diceros biacornis, and Sumatran, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and not in grazers (African white, Ceratotherium simum, and Indian, Rhinoceros unicornis). This disease is also only found in captive animals and is not found in animals in the wild. Iron is an essential trace element and is important in red blood cell formation, oxygen transport, in the production of ATP, and in enzyme systems (Molenaar, 2005). ISD occurs when there is more iron than normal circulating throughout the body, or when it is being deposited within cells (Clauss, 2012). When the hemosiderin, or iron storage molecule,

According to The Australian Handbook for General Practitioners, 2007: “Hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) is a common condition in which excessive iron absorption leads to greatly increased body iron stores.” In other words, haemochromatosis is made by the dysfunction of Human hemochromatosis (HFE) gene to create the misshapen HFE protein. The HFE gene, which is found on immune system cells, supplies order in order to produce protein situated on the primarily liver, surface of cells and intestinal cells. The HFE protein connects to other proteins on the cell surface to discover the quantity of iron in the body. Moreover, it control the product of hepcidin, which is seen as the “master” iron regulatory hormone and it can calculate the amount