Essay about Safe and Effective Pharmaceuticals

The purpose of this lab is to investigate the composition of a compound suspected to be Panacetin, a type of pain-killer. Panacetin is typically made up of sucrose, aspirin, and acetaminophen, but the third component in this experiment is unknown. The unknown component is suspected to be a chemical relative of acetaminophen, either acetanilide or phenacetin. Using techniques such as extraction, evaporation, and filtration, the three components will be isolated based on their solubilities and acid-base properties. Then, the percent composition of Panacetin can be deduced based on the masses of the three dried components. The

I measured out 3grams of Panacetin and then mixed it with CH2Cl2. Then after the filtration I was left with sucrose isolated, and then a substance containing aspirin and

Introduction: Since 2001, compounded drugs have caused more than 1,000 illnesses, and 87 deaths in the United States (cite 1). All of these unfortunate incidents were caused by errors during the manufacturing of compounded drugs, and in most cases, because of contamination. On the 25th of September 2013, the Drug Quality and Security Act, also known as H.R. 3204, was introduced, and three days later, was passed by the House of Representatives. On the 18th of November, this Act cleared the Senate. On the 27th of September, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the Drug Quality and Security Act into law (cite 2).

In this experiment, several analgesics were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and the composition of an unknown tablet was identified. We define chromatography as the separation of two or more compounds or ions by their molecular interactions by either a moving or a stationary phase.1 There are different types of chromatography: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Liquid Chromatography (GC), and Column Chromatography (CC). All of which there two phases:

| Analysis of urine by physical, chemical, microscopical means to test for the presence of disease drug.

0.300 grams of biphenyl/ p-toluidine sample was weighed. Next, 10 mL of dichloromethane was measured in a graduated cylinder. The dichloromethane was transferred to a small beaker then the solid mixture was dissolved in it. A Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was conducted with the dissolved mixture in 20% Ethyl Acetate and 80% Hexane solution. The TLC plate was observed to be impure with two spots. To being extraction, a separatory funnel was placed inside of the hood and the stopcock was closed. A flask was placed under the funnel then the mixture was added to the funnel. Next, 10 mL of 3M HCL was measured in a graduated cylinder and

In this experiment, the identity of an unknown organic compound will be determined using these methods. Procedure:

First, dichloromethane was the least polar solvent, so it barely moved up the plate. Hence, the spots on the TLC plate stayed at almost the same place they were spotted on, and separation did not occur. As a result, the retention factor (Rf) values for these components were too small. In addition, the second solvent, methanol, was the most polar solvent out of the three, and the solvent moved up the plate too quickly. This resulted in the components moving up the plate based on the solvent's polarity instead of their own, and a smear of all components at the solvent front was observed. Hence, the Rf values could not be determined. Lastly, ethyl acetate, a moderately polar solvent, moved up the plate with moderate speed. This gave the components time to move up the plate according to their polarity, and the Rf values could be used to identify the unknown compound. According to the TLC method with ethyl acetate solvent, the unknown compound had the same Rf value with acetanilide (Rf = 0.40). As a result, the unknown compound was identified as

Are prescription drugs overprescribed? Are patients being prescribed the correct medications that they actually need? Are generic drugs doing the same for the human body that marked up brand name medications are? These are some of the public’s biggest questions that can be easily answered by research. Everyone is affected by medication and healthcare in general today. Many real life scenarios are offered throughout this writing to support the argument. The following thesis statement is a worldwide problem. Unfortunately, the United States has the largest problem with inflation of drug cost and over-prescription of medications. Many people are to blame: drug manufacturers, insurers, prescribers, educators, and many others. A change is needed.

Howlett, S. E. and Steiner, R. R. 2011. Validation of Thin Layer Chromatography with AccuTOF-DART™ Detection for Forensic Drug Analysis*. Forensic Sciences [e-journal] 56 (5), pp. 1261--1267. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk [Accessed on 11 March 2014].

Recently, new drugs have appeared in the illegal drug market. The new substances claimed to contain “non-Illegal” compounds yet still deliver the psychoactive effects desired. This new class of compounds are now commonly known as “SmartDrugs” and are distributed through internet commerce or “Smart Shops”. Some of the drugs included in the mixtures are cathinones and trytamine analogs of psylocin. The current method of identification is toxicological screening and is proven to have some ineffectiveness at identifying the new compounds. However, new advances in mass spectrometry are expected to broaden the diagnostic spectrum of the toxicological screening, capable of detecting hundreds of compounds at nanomolar levels. New liquid phase separation techniques are coupled with the mass spectrometry for high accuracy at identification (Favretto, 2013).

For example, TLC was able to demonstrate that the drug Zonk is comprised of phenacetin, acetaminophen and aspirin. Similarly, it was able to show that Nodoz has the compound Caffeine within it. Additionally, TLC is also a useful method of determining the amount, as well as the purity of a specific drug. It is commonly used in the primary screening of drugs before it enters the country. This is due to TLC being a very quick and inexpensive procedure that only requires minimum technical skills (1).

The stock solutions were prepared using acetone, sodium nitroprusside and vanillin having 100 ppm as the fixed concentration. From the stock solutions, dilutions have been performed to obtain the different concentrations necessary to assert the detection limit of the test when using either sodium nitroprusside or vanillin. For acetone,

The problem proposed in the experiment is an unknown ingredient found in generic Panacetin tablets that must be discovered. Panacetin tablets are known to contain aspirin, acetaminophen, and sucrose; therefore, the tablets tested, containing aspirin and sucrose, are thought to contain an unknown of something similar to that of acetaminophen such as acetanilide or phenacetin. Another problem trying to be sought out in the experiments is whether or not the composition of Panacetin as stated on the label is accurate.

The influence of various substances as compounds potentially interfering with the determination of risperidone was studied under optimum conditions with 300.0 μM risperidone at pH 7.0. The potentially interfering substances were determined from the group of substances commonly detected with risperidone in pharmaceuticals. The tolerance limit was specified as the maximum concentration of the interfering substance that caused an error of less than ±5% in the measurement of risperidone. According to the results, neither a 1000-fold excess of methanol, ethanol, NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, SO42−, Al3+, SO42−NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, CO32−, Cl− or F−, CO32−, alanine, phenylalanine did not affect the selectivity, nor a 50-fold excess of levodopa, carbidopa, methyldopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine and methylphenidate interfered with the determination of risperidone.