Salahudin Ayubi / Muhammad Al-Fateh

Pope Urban II told his people that they needed to recapture the Holy Lands from the muslims. Saladin, a Muslim king that conquered the first Crusader Kingdom in Jerusalem, gave a speech saying “Now God has reserved the merit of its recovery for one house the house of the sons of Saladin’s family, to unite all hearts in appreciation of its members.” Pope Urban

Vlad Dracula formed an alliance with Hunyadi, in the hopes of persuading him he was the rightful heir to the throne, but it wasn't until 1456, that Vlad Dracula would make his move, killing his father's murderer, and defeating Vladislav II, to take over as the new ruler of Wallachia. In 1569, following an Easter Sunday feast, Vlad Dracula had all the boyar families who had been attending arrested. Those who were in good health were condemned to a life of slavery, and put to work on the construction of his Poenari Castle on the Arges river. Those who were old and weak were impaled for all to see. Thus began Vlad the Impaler's reign of blood and terror.

Military conquest also played a big role in Islam’s growth. “In the year 636 the Byzantine Emperor… gathered an army… to resist the expansion of Islam. The people… are the… Syrians…

The historical context includes the conquest of Alexandria and the conquering of multiple locations such as Syria and Cairo by the Muslims. Heraclius was the Roman or Byzantine emperor during the Muslim Conquests. Heraclitus saw in a dream that there would be a new nation who would ultimately conquer and take procession of the land. Muhammad, an Arab and the prophet, converted the people to believe in one God instead of idols. This created a common community

Document B is by Ibn Al-Athir and talks about the First Crusade. It is a short document that describes a lot of the First Crusade.

He then brought Pope Leo III back into power after he had been driven by invaders. Lastly,

The Islamic empire had the Rashidun army which maintained a high level of discipline, strategies prowess, and organization. The Rashidun army was the most prominent and effective military force in the world since both of these empires were so strong it helped develop major empires in the postclassical world. Islam dominated one third of the old world and at its height it reached from the Atlantic Ocean on the West, across North Africa and the Middle East, to central Asia on the East. Emperor Justinian used Christianity's desire to reclaim Rome he used religious thoughts to justify and execute military assaults on lost land. Comprised of brilliant generals and thousands of motivated men striving for eternal after life the Islamic army was immensely dynamic, effective, and cardinal to power of the Islamic kingdom. The location of the Byzantine Empire aided in military conquest and defense because of the Mediterranean sea.

The Byzantine Empire was originally known as the Eastern Roman Empire, after surviving the barbaric attacks on its land. Emperor Justinian protected this empire and was well known for conquering many places. In the Byzantine Empire, the Emperor is the supreme ruler, looked at as a god. He was the head of the army, the highest political authority and the supreme legislator and judge. However, according to Procipius in, The Secret History, Justinian destroyed the greatness and history of Rome. Justinian was described as being “crafty, hypocritical, secretive by temperament, two-faced, and purely evil”.

In 1187, Saladin began a huge campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. his troops basically destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin, taking the city along with a large amount of territory. Outrage over these defeats fired up the Third Crusade, led by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France and King Richard I of England. In September 1191, Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf; it was the only true battle of the Third Crusade. From the city of Jaffa, Richard reestablished control over some of the region and approached Jerusalem, though he refused to lay siege to the city. In September 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that established the Kingdom of Jerusalem and ended the Third

In the first crusade the byzantine emperor was afraid of the Turks, Alexius I asked the roman church for help. he thought that eastern and western Christians should join forces and make the Turks moves from Anatolia and Palestine. This movement would be called a holy war or crusade. The pope whose name was Urban II, agreed to this plan for two reasons, the first reason was because he thought that combining the east and the west war against the Turks would reunite the eastern and western churches. The second reason was because he wanted to free Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim rule

During the year 535, Justinian overthrew the Ostrogothic Kingdom, which had occupied Italy after the split and decline of the Roman Empire. Justinian was said to be the most ambitious emperor since Constantine, whose rule ended in 337. His goal in overthrowing the Ostrogothic Kingdom was to eventually reunify the Roman Empire. Belisarius, Justinian’s general, had already

A desert peninsula in 6th century was the cross roads of the world, the bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa. Arabia was a vacant wasteland of desert, rarely seeing any life besides that of the trade caravans. City states dominated the political life and the only form of centralized government was in chaos. This was Arabia in the 6th century, this even though Christian was to become the staging ground for the growth of the 2nd largest religion that exists today. This is where the "Prophet" Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca.

In 1441, Hunyadi came to Targoviste and asked Dracul to join in on the holy war . Since it was not clear to Dracul who had the best chance of winning, he decided to stay neutral. The next year, the Turks raided Transylvania and Dracul just let them pass through. This infuriated Hunyadi and he had to fight and chase the Turks back through Wallacia and forced Dracul out of Tirgoviste. Dracul went back to the Turks but they were not happy with him either and put him in prison. While he was in jail, he made some promises the the Turks. He pledged to not go to war against the Turks, agreed to pay a sum of money every year and he would send some of his own Wallacian men to the Turks to be converted to Islam and trained as soldiers. The one promise that would change the life of Dracula forever and was forced to keep was giving up Dracula and Radu as hostages. In 1443, Dracul returned to Targoviste and became Prince of Wallacia while his sons were forced out and traveled 700 miles where they became prisoners of the Ottoman Empire.

As a matter of fact, I have chosen a book titled “Zayed- Man Who Built A Nation”. because I am attracted by its title. The book that includes 734 pages, covered all details about the life of late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. I always influenced by the president of Emirates Arab behavior the founding father of the EAU, and those who have escorted him throughout his long life. The book comprises the challenges that Sheikh Zayed confronted since 1971 until his death in 2004. My interest is to illustrate the exclusive accomplishments of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan a Bedouin who lived in the desert and a leader of his people and for the good of the world. The book of Zayed: Man Who Built a Nation was written by Graeme H. Wilson. (2013).

Through the deliverance of a speech the former Pope Urban II incited Catholics all over Europe to take action in reclaiming the Holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims in the Middle East. It was in this year,1095, that the beginning of the first, of nine, Crusades and thus the first series of religious wars between the Catholics and Muslims begun. The focus of this paper will remain on the Third Crusade (1189-1192 A.D)- more specifically the actions of ‘Islam’s Warrior Hero’ Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb who was better known to the English as Saladin- Sultan of Egypt. How did one individual gain the respect of both his Muslim followers and his enemies- the Catholic Europeans? Throughout history Saladin has been portrayed as a charismatic, honourable, virtuous and chivalrous man by the historians and chroniclers of the Middle East and Europe. Even the Europeans who sought to dislike this man due to his religious affiliations could not, as he encompassed all the qualities in which a great leader and a good ‘Christian’ was thought to possess.