Salamander Lab Report

The two body organ systems involved in gas exchange are the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. O2 and CO2 cross the cell membrane via simple diffusion. Because cells all throughout the body require oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide, this simple method of diffusion is the best way to transport such small molecules over a large area as efficiently as possible.

The respiratory system and the cardiovascular system work together by oxygen being inhaled by the mouth and nostrils and then the oxygen enters the respiratory system. When the oxygen enters the respiratory system, oxygen enters the alveoli which are located in the lungs and then it diffuses through the alveolar wall. After when this process is complete, it enters the cardiovascular system. The oxygen is then mixed with hemoglobin, which forms oxyhaemoglobin. The blood is then circulated all around the body. While the blood is mixed with the oxygen, a waste gas gets produced, which is carbon dioxide. The excess gas then exists out by going through the respiratory system and then it is exhaled out from the mouth.

Gas exchange is when oxygen is delivered from the lungs to the blood stream and carbon dioxide is taken out of the bloodstream and into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs within the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries which are in the walls of the alveoli. The walls of the alveoli share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide in the alveoli are exhaled out of the body.

The same happens with Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The blood in the surrounding capillaries has a higher concentration of CO2 than the inspired air due to it being a waste product of energy production. This is when O2 and CO2 pass each other going back around the body systems to the heart. Once this is done the flow goes from Deoxygenated blood to Oxygenated blood.

Answer 2: The respiratory system functions in the exchange of gases with the outside environment. Oxygen is inhaled through the nasal cavity or the mouth, and it travels to the alveoli in the lungs. There, the capillaries exchange the oxygen for carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood flows back to the heart from the lungs. It enters the left side of the heart and is delivered to all the body tissues via the aorta. In the capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. This deoxygenated blood flows back to the right side of the heart and then to the lung. In the capillaries that run across the alveoli, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen that has recently been inhaled. The carbon dioxide will then be exhaled through the mouth and nasal cavity.

The respiratory system is a complex organ structure of the human body anatomy, and the primary purpose of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood vessels to carry the precious gaseous element to all parts of the body to accomplish cell respiration. The respiratory system completes this important function of breathing throughout inspiration. In the breathing process inhaling oxygen is essential for cells to metabolize nutrients and carry out some other tasks, but it must occur simultaneously with exhaling when the carbon dioxide is excreted, this exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood (McGowan, Jefferies & Turley, 2004).

The oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs and it goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.

The right atrium is where the process begins. Then, blood travels through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, and from there to the pulmonary artery. Once the blood travels through the pulmonary artery, it reaches the lungs. While in the lungs, the blood goes through a gas exchange: deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated (The gas exchange takes place in the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the bottom of the lungs

Blood Oxygen enters the blood stream through diffusion in the lungs, the oxygen is carried throughout the body in the haemoglobin contained in the red blood cells. Carbon Dioxide is carried throughout the body in the plasma of the blood and leaves the body by diffusion in the lungs. Nervous System The respiration system requires complex interactions of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

THE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR RESPIRATION The control unit of ventilation consists of a processor or breathing centre in the brain which integrates emotional, chemical and physical stimuli inputs and controls an effector - in this case the lungs via motor nerves from the spinal cord. Ventilation is normally autonomic with a limited voluntary override. Ondine's curse is the exception to this where the autonomic control is lost. The mechanism of generation is not completely understood but involves the integration of neural signals by respiratory control centres in the medulla and pons. In the medulla we have the ventral respiratory group i.e. nucleus retroambigualis, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus parambigualis and the pre-Botzinger complex. This group controls voluntary forced exhalation and also works to increase the force of inspiration. The medulla also contains the dorsal respiratory group consisting mainly of the nucleus tractus solitarius and this controls mostly inspiratory movements and their timing. The pons contains the pneumotaxic centre which is involved with the fine tuning of the respiration rate and the apneustic centre. In addition there is further integration in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The actual breathing rate of a human is controlled in the following way. Chemoreceptors detect the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood by monitoring

Small air sacks called alveoli are at the tips of the bronchioles. When air reaches them, the oxygen concentration is high, which causes diffusion into red blood cells travelling through pulmonary capillaries (7). The red blood cells then distribute the new oxygen to the rest of the body. When they reach the alveoli again, they exchange carbon dioxide (a form of cell waste) for new oxygen, and repeat the process. The carbon dioxide is moved through the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea in the form of exhalation.

The blood that travels to the tissues and organs in the body have a high level of oxygen. Diffusion occurs between the capillaries and the body’s tissues and organs. Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the body’s cells and tissues, whereas carbon dioxide is diffused from the body’s tissues and organs into the blood where it then travels to the lungs. Here, it diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli, where it is removed out of the body by exhalation.

The respiratory system is the process responsible for the transportation and exchange of gases into and out of the human body. As we breath in, oxygen in the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through a series of air pipes known as the airway and into the lungs. As air is drawn into the lungs and waste gas excreted, it passes through the airway, first through the mouth or nose and through the pharynx, larynx and windpipe – also known as the trachea. At this point it then enters the lungs through the bronchi before finally reaching the air sacs known as alveoli. Within the lungs, through a process known as diffusion, the oxygen is transferred to the blood stream through the alveoli (air ducts) where it is then transported inside

Gas Exchange is a physical process. During that physical process diffusion is involved which are two main gases oxygen (O2) which is needed for respiration, Carbon dioxide (CO2) that is produced in respiration.

Air enters your lungs through a system of pipes called the bronchi. These pipes start from the bottom of the trachea as the left and right bronchi and branch many times throughout the lungs, until they eventually form little thin-walled air sacs or bubbles, known as the alveoli. The alveoli are where the important work of gas exchange takes place between the air and your blood. Covering each alveolus is a whole network of little blood vessel called capillaries, which are very small branches of the pulmonary arteries. It is important that the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries are very close together, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can move (or diffuse) between them. So, when you breathe in, air comes down the trachea and through the bronchi into