Salbutamol And Ventolin Research Paper

Salbutamol (also known as albuterol in USA) is one of the most famous short-acting β2 agonists. It has become first line treatment for asthma due to its effectiveness. I met this drug in a dispensing session in the first term and I think is a good example of what we have learnt so far. In this essay I will tell you what I know about this drug.

Bronchodilator Response of Nebulized Salbutamol versus Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide in Adult Patients with Acute Severe Asthma

One in five people in the United States suffered from allergies or asthma symptoms (Allergy Statistics and Facts, webmd.com) . Most people at some point have taken or bought Benadryl to relieve an allergic reaction, itchiness, or for the common cold. In 1943, George Rieveschl discovered diphenhydramine while researching muscle relaxers. Eventually, Rieveschl changed the name of the antihistamine relief drug from diphenhydramine into Benadryl. Benadryl is now a common household name, that has various uses, ways to be taken, and side effects.

Discuss the roles of medications, ICS for long term anti-inflammatory effect and Beta adrenergic for immediate bronchial dilation.

Belladonna alkaloids is used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and intestinal inflammation in combination with other medications. IBS is an invasive gastrointestinal functional bowel disorder, characterized by a recurrent crampy diarrhea and abdominal pain. Belladonna works by decreasing motion of muscles in the intestine and stomach providing them with a mild sedation

Beta2 agonists act directly on bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation. They are the most widely used bronchodilators for COPD. Short-acting beta2 agonists are the most commonly used short-acting bronchodilators in COPD.

Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic drug used in over-the-counter and prescription medication (Raucy, Judy L.. Lasker, Jerome M.. Lieber, Charles S.. Black, Martin. 2004). The most common name associated with over-the-counter acetaminophen is the brand Tylenol, which many people use for pain relief and as a fever reducer. Prescription acetaminophen may be recognized as Percocet or Vicodin. This important drug is generally considered safe when used according to the directions provided on its labeling or according to a physician (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2015). If acetaminophen is not taken following the instructions, anything from acute liver damage to death can occur.

They studied the OTC drugs salbutamol sulfate, formoterol fumarate, and salmeterol xinafoate in vitro by [C-14}-TEA uptake into Proxima(Calu-3) and distal (A549 and NCI-H441) lung epithelial cells and found that it was significantly reduced by the attendance of these OTC drugs. They also confirmed that these drugs make the transport responsible for the beta 2 agonist interaction challenging. “the expression of all five members of the OCT/N family has been confirmed in human pulmonary epithelial cells in situ and in

The history of depressants stretches back thousands of years. Alcohol, the prototypical depressant, was consumed by humans as early as 10,000 B.C., as established by the discovery of beer jugs from the late Stone Age. Other natural depressants such as opium also have ancient origins. Historically, barbiturates in particular have been used as "truth serums" because people under the influence of these drugs often speak without thinking

In the article “Club Drug Ketamine gains traction as a treatment for depression,” Jon Hamilton describes how Ketamine has a better effect on depression than most drugs or therapy methods available. Although ketamine is not approved by the FDA now, it was approved as an anesthetic back in the 1970 when it was discovered. Ketamine has been tested on patients with even the toughest depression and has shown results. In 2006, the National Institute of Mental Health conducted an experiment on patients with depression with a single intravenous dose of Ketamine and started seeing rapid antidepressant effects within a couple of hours. Dr. Feifel is one of many doctors that believe the future of psychiatry is going to include Ketamine or a derivation

Albuterol acts on beta2-adrenergic receptors located in the smooth muscle of respiratory tract. Activation of beta-2 receptors results in subsequent increase in adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP. Increase in cyclic AMP leads to the activation of protein kinase A, inhibiting phosphorylation of myosin, thereby lowering intracellular ionic calcium concentrations, resulting in relaxation of the smooth muscle

1) The bronchioles of the respiratory system contain the beta 2 receptors, Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist capable of binding to beta-2 receptors. Once the drug binds to the beta-2 receptors, the receptors result in conformational change and deforms. Also, Binding to the receptors start to activate the G-Protein in order to convert GDP to GTP. As the result of this, the Alpha part of the G-proteins become separated from gamma-beta subunits and freely distribute into the membrane binding to Adenyl Cyclase leading to the conversion of CAMP from Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kinase A which is located inside the cell is activated by the CAMP. Activation of Kinase A promote to inactivate the phosphorylation of the myosin enzyme causing

Dogma ketamine on the central nervous system causes an increase in cerebral oxygen consumption, cerebral blood flow, and increased intracranial pressure. Ketamine memvasodilatasi blood vessels of the brain that lead to an increase in cerebral blood flow as much as 62-80%. This effect was reduced when diazepam, midazolam, ketamine or thiopental is given before. This effect impeding the use of ketamine in patients with intracranial space occupying lesions in or head trauma. This publication offers convincing evidence that when combined with benzodiazepines (or other agents that work on the GABA receptor), and ventilation control, but not with nitrous oxide, ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure. Psikotomimetik side effects (such as

Ipratropium, Tiotropium bromide are anticholinergic agents widely used as second-line bronchodilator (after β2-agonists). The anticholinergic agents are effective for patients with severe airway obstruction and acute asthma exacerbations leads to cholinergic activation through viral infection, allergen exposure and air pollution. The combination of anticholinergic agent with SABA is the best treatment option for the of β-blocker induced asthma.

Clofazimine is a lipophilic molecule with a very long half-life, which was previously estimated to around 70 days (4, 5), and anti-inflammatory effects (6). It has many characteristic and notable properties, which have been observed since it was first synthesized in the 1950s and found to have anti-TB activity (7–9). Early studies already found that clofazimine accumulates in the tissues whereas very little is found in the blood and serum (9), and that cells of the reticuloendothelial system actively take up clofazimine (9–11). Clofazimine, which is used in the treatment of leprosy (12, 13), can still be found in leprosy patients, years after administration was stopped (14). Later pharmacokinetic studies performed in the mouse model have found