Salbutamol Research Paper

Narcotics have long been a plague of our society. Abused substances range from basement made concoctions of unknown origin and up to prescription medication abuse. Fentanyl, an opioid drug, is a recent addition to addicts’ portfolio and it is extremely dangerous.

β receptor agonists are used in the treatment of asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) to relax the muscles in the air passages in the lungs. Salbutamol is a selective β2 adrenergic agonist, although this selectivity is relative and dose-dependent. This means that the selectivity is lost at high concentration and thus causing side-effects.

Levobupivacaine is the S(−)-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine; it has less cardiotoxicity compared with bupivacaine,1, 2 and its pharmacology and duration of anesthesia are similar to those of bupivacaine.2

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors; Albuterol is a beta-adrenergic agonist called also sympathomimetic. It mimics the effect of sympathetic nervous systems.

aspect to assess the safety and appropriateness of IV acetaminophen use in hospital setting. Several published hospital utilization medication reports showed an increase consumption of intravenous acetaminophen.

Bupivacaine is a drug used in various surgeries that is given to a patient as an anesthetic. If administered, the area around the injection is numb and pain signals that would normally be sent to the brain would cease. This drug can be administered in a number of areas one of which includes the cervical plexus. A plexus is a network of nerves connecting the left and right side of our bodies together through axons from anterior rami. The cervical plexus is found deep in the neck area, and extends to different parts of the body . This plexus contributes not only to the skin and muscles in the head and neck, but also to our chest and upper portion of the shoulders. The cervical nerve roots C1-C4 make up this plexus and C5 contributes as well.

1) The bronchioles of the respiratory system contain the beta 2 receptors, Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist capable of binding to beta-2 receptors. Once the drug binds to the beta-2 receptors, the receptors result in conformational change and deforms. Also, Binding to the receptors start to activate the G-Protein in order to convert GDP to GTP. As the result of this, the Alpha part of the G-proteins become separated from gamma-beta subunits and freely distribute into the membrane binding to Adenyl Cyclase leading to the conversion of CAMP from Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kinase A which is located inside the cell is activated by the CAMP. Activation of Kinase A promote to inactivate the phosphorylation of the myosin enzyme causing

Everybody has memorable and disheartening days in their life and some make you look at the bigger picture in life and adjust your true values. For me a memory that’s so vivid in my brain it seems like it happened yesterday though it did not. This was the day my grandpa was hospitalized and had later died of a brain aneurysm. He suffered a lot of brain damage in the process because he toke Advil regularly and with that his blood was very thin and that caused a lot of blood to run into his head and around his brain. The thought if he never had taken Advil if he would still be around today is always in my head. From this incident I have made a goal to not use any pain medication unless it is cleared with a medical staff or doctor, this puts me at a small minority with people who I am around. As an athlete a lot of people look to Advil and other over the

Acetaminophen (also known as Paracetamol) is an acylated aromatic amide and is an analgesic drug used as in many cold and flu medications [1]. At At therapeutic doses, Acetaminophen is metabolized to to paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulfate, and are then excreted in the urine [10]. A minor component of APAP is also oxidized by the microsomal cytochrome P450 system, predominantly by Cyp2E1 and Cyp1A2 [11], to form a reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) [12]. This minor metabolite is typically harmless, since it is mostly conjugated with glutathione and excreted in bile [13,

The non-polar group (in yellow) enables salmeterol to dissolve in cell membranes and, thus, provides longer lasting effects than salbutamol when treating asthma. The CH2OH (circled in green) provides resistance to deactivation by enzymes which also contributes to longer action during the treatment of this condition.

Dogma ketamine on the central nervous system causes an increase in cerebral oxygen consumption, cerebral blood flow, and increased intracranial pressure. Ketamine memvasodilatasi blood vessels of the brain that lead to an increase in cerebral blood flow as much as 62-80%. This effect was reduced when diazepam, midazolam, ketamine or thiopental is given before. This effect impeding the use of ketamine in patients with intracranial space occupying lesions in or head trauma. This publication offers convincing evidence that when combined with benzodiazepines (or other agents that work on the GABA receptor), and ventilation control, but not with nitrous oxide, ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure. Psikotomimetik side effects (such as

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic developed in the early 1960s and used in human and veterinary medicine. The drug is primarily used for anesthesia. It can be injected, consumed in drinks, snorted, or added to cigarettes. Ketamine was placed on the list of controlled substances in the US in 1999. Users describe the high from ketamine as a pleasant sensation of floating or a dissociative state of being separated from their bodies. Like any other drug it has short and long term effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, numbness, depression, amnesia, hallucinations and potentially fatal respiratory problems. In the 1950s, phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as an intravenous general anesthetic, but because

Adrenoceptor agonists relax airway smooth muscle, and inhibit the release of bronchoconstricting mediators from mast cells. They can also increase mucociliary transport via increasing ciliary activity, and inhibit microvascular leakage. These are achieved through stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, which increase the formation of intracellular cAMP. 2-selective drugs include ephedrine, albuterol, terbutaline, pirbuterol, salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol. Anti-inflammatory agents such as an inhaled corticosteroid can provide long-term control. These inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the infiltration of asthmatic airways by mast cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. If taken frequently, these decrease bronchial reactivity, and reduce the frequency of asthma exacerbations. Some inhaled corticosteroids include beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, and

Salvia divinorum, sometimes known as “magic mint”, is a psychoactive perineal herb in the mint family that originated in the mountainous Sierra Mazateca area of Oaxaca, Mexico. Although Mexico is the only place where salvia grows naturally, it is at times cultivated in the United States (“Salvia Divinorum," 2013). The salvia plant has large, hairy green leaves as well as a hollow square stem. Salvia may grow beyond three feet in height. The Mazatec people originally used salvia for spiritual rituals, healing practices, and medicinal purposes ("Salvia Divinorum Drug Profile," 2015).