Salivary Gland Tumors

HeLa cells have had a positive influence on medicine in many ways including with giving us knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and HPV18-positive. HeLa cells have been linked to changes in microRNA expression. Since HPV18 has been associated with very aggressive adenocarcinomas, this finding may explain why Dr. Gey was surprised by the prolific growth of HeLa cells in culture. Routine Papanicolaou smear screening may not detect rapidly progressive cervical carcinomas; the new HPV vaccine holds the promise of preventing these tumors. (Hutchins).

Summary of article: In “Bridging the HPV Knowledge Gap,” Christina Demopoulos and two others talk about the importance of knowledge on HPV and how most patients are unaware of this virus and that is it on the oral health professionals to educate them. This virus is transmitted easily through a small cut or tear in the oral cavity and is associated with a variety of oral lesion, cances, and oropahygnel cancers. The article included a statistic that about 12,000 people between ages 15 and 24 are affected everyday by HPV and its only increasing. HPV causes more than 30,000 cancer cases a year which the average age diagnosis is 62, but ther is arise of cases in the adolescents. With that being said, it is put on oral health professional to discuss the ipmo ratio of HPV with patients, and they should become more familiar with HPV because there is an association between HPV and oropharyngeal cancers. One way to bridge the HPV knowledge gap is to do what NEvada is doing. Nevada has a Immunization program which promotes for better health and they hold a lot of information conferences. Overall,

HPV stands for the human palliloma virus. It is estimated that there are around 100 different types of HPV. The HPV virus can cause lesions to develop on the soft palate, tonsils and tongue. It can also increase the risk of certain forms of cancer, including oral cancer and cervical cancer.

What is HPV ? HPV is an acronym for Human Papillomaviruses , which is a group of over 150 different viruses . It is a sexually transmitted disease , that affects about 14 million people annually , usually people who are 20 - 25 . Where about 39,800 of those people have developed HPV associated cancers . HPV does not show specific signs or symptoms , making it easier for people to infect each other ( because they are unaware ) as well as making it harder to treat before it is too late . HPV causes genital warts and cancers such as cervix , vulva , vagina , anus , penis , rectum , and oropharynx ( cancers of the back of the throat , base of the tongue and tonsils ) .

According to the National Cancer Institute, not all human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cancer. There are two types of categories; the low risk and high risk human papillomaviruses. If one contracts a high risk HPVs, they have a chance of developing cancer. High risk HPVs can lead to cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, vaginal cancers, vulvar cancers, and penile cancers (1). The National Cancer Institute states that HPVs account for causing 5% of cancers and Nathan Seppa proclaims “that the two cancer-causing virus subtypes... HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for more than half of cervical cancers” (1 and 2). This demonstrates the overall impact HPV has on causing cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease and is the second most common cause of cancer among women. HPV is group of viruses that causes warts on mucosal surfaces like the cervix, rectum, anus, penis, vulva, and mouth or throat. This condition is associated with ovarian cancer, anal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer.

In the United States alone, an estimated 34,360 people received a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer in 2007; of these, 7,550 (5,180 men and 2,370 women) died. On average, more than 25% of people who develop oropharyngeal cancer will die of the disease, with only 60% surviving for more than 5 years. In fact, oropharyngeal cancer is as common as leukemia and claims more lives than either melanoma or cervical cancer. Since the mid-1970s, oropharyngeal cancer rates have increased approximately 15%, with significant disparities in some population groups. For instance, oropharyngeal cancer prevalence is significantly higher in males than in females. Prevalence is also higher in Hispanic and black males than it is in white males. The risk of oropharyngeal cancer increases with age, and occurrence is highest in persons older than 50 years and peaks between ages 60 and 70 years. However, there has been a startling 5-fold increase in the incidence of oral cancer in patients younger than 40 years, many of whom have no known risk factors. HPV is associated with 15% to 35% of head and neck cancers worldwide. Fifty percent to 90% of OSCCs in the pharynx, tonsil, and tongue are HPV-positive. Chaturvedi and colleagues investigated the impact of HPV on the

Hpv is a virus that produces epithelial tumours in both the skin and mucous membranes2, however these tumours have different probabilities of forming cancers according to the subtype of the virus causing the infection for example tumours due to Hpv 16, 31, and 70 have a high probability of forming tumours where as Hpv 84 has a much lower risk of turning the tumour malignant3.

We retrospectively analyzed the treatment charts of patients of HNSCC treated at our institute from 2006 to 2014. A total of 5000 cases were registered during this period. Patients of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (Oral cavity, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, Larynx) under the age of 20 years were taken up for analysis.

Human Papillomavirus is a broad term used to describe over one hundred and fifty related viruses. The Human Papillomavirus, better known as HPV is named for the warts (papillomas) that become present on the skin of an HPV victim. HPV is transmitted via intamainte skin-to-skin contact. Each year a small number of cases of HPV go unknown because no symptoms are present or the body fights away the virus. Other cases that do not go away commonly are expressed in genital warts and cancers. Some cancers commonly developed from HPV are cervical, vaginal, anus, back of the throat, tonsil and tongue cancers (What). In recent years researchers,

Nevertheless, the low prevalence of sinonasal malignancy is supplemented by a great diversity of neoplasms that may arise in the anatomically complex region. Further, the rarity and peculiar features of some of these neoplasms lends itself to a greater risk of misdiagnosis 1. For these reasons, sinonasal malignancies remain a challenging area for pathologists and head and neck surgeons alike. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features is a relatively recently described type of sinonasal carcinoma related to HPV. This subtype has morphologic overlap with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, it, however, can be distinguished by absence of squamous differentiation, surface level epithelial dysplasia, as well as a significant ductal component on histologic analysis. In this case series we present two patients with HPV-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like

Background: The association between high risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and cervical cancer has been firmly established. HPV is present in nearly all cases of cervical cancer and detection of viral DNA, in combination with histology, could be a surrogate marker of micrometastasis in peri-tumor tissues and pelvic lymph nodes.

Oropharyngeal (oral) cancer can be associated to the exposure of HPV strain type 16 which is high risk. This strain type is believed to be caused by the changes in sexual practices. Though oral cancer due to HPV is very rare, it’s still cause cell changes in the oral cavity. HPV has been detected of approximately 26% of all squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck (D 'Souza et al., 2007). HPV positive oral or throat cancer are starting to become more prevalent among adolescents and adults. About 3% of men and few percent of women have HPV 16 found in their saliva (Human HPV and Throat/oral cancer, n.d). Individuals who have more than 3 or 6 sexual partners and perform various sexual practices are usually at an increased risk of contracting the virus.

There are 4 stages from the initial HPV infection through the development of cervical carcinoma; HPV infection with high risk HPV ,viral persistence infection more than 10 years, progression of a clone of persistently infected cells towards precancerous lesions, and invasion leading to malignancy .HPV genomic amplification always happen close to the epithelia differentiation programme and often induce hyperplasia of the epithelial cell, which manifest clinically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1(CIN1)(Kukimoto, 2015). CIN2(moderate dysplasia) and CIN3(sever dysplasia) are the middle and the late stages respectively referring to the lesion happened in the lower two third and more than two third of the epithelium which are the

As with most diseases, prevention is the best approach and even though there is no definite answer to why cancer develops, there are several risk factors that may suggest that oral cancer is probable. The use of tobacco and alcohol increase the risk of developing oral cancer as so does the incident of contracting a HPV infection, which is the Human Papillomavirus (Hill, Deitz, & Sax, 2014, p. para 6). According to recent studies, HPV is becoming the leading factor in patients with oral cancer. Patients should be assessed and screened for alcohol and tobacco abuse as well as the possibility of exposure to the HPV virus to determine their risk for oral cancer. Some other risk factors that may not be apparent are the exposure to the sun for prolonged periods of time without an effective sunscreen agent and a history of previous oral cancer (Hill, Deitz, & Sax, 2014). A comprehensive assessment should be performed to measure the probability of this patient developing oral cancer.