Salmonella Serotypes

Salmonella is a bacterial disease that occurs in the intestines, the signs and symptoms can be; fever, or other illnesses such as diarrhea and abdominal cramps. People typically get salmonella from contaminated foods, which seems to occur frequently from poultry and eggs (Nordqvist, 2016). This is just a basic look at salmonella though, next we need to look at the epidemiologic triad (host, agent, and environment) and see how each plays a role in a salmonella outbreak.

The infectious agent (pathogen) that causes salmonella is called salmonella enteriditis. The bacteria is larger than a virus; but, is visible to the eye with the microscope. It is rod-shaped, gram negative, non-motile bacteria that does not form spores. Interestingly enough it communicates to its fellow bacteria via AHL. It infects the cell, multiplies within it; then, bursts the cell. Special effector protein factors are required for salmonella intestinal invasion and the induction of fluid secretion and for inflammatory responses. There are about six names species names of it, salmonella

Exposure to salmonella is not taken lightly, as it can prove deadly and lead to contact with several related diseases such as salmonellosis. Salmonellosis can manifest with symptoms including diarrhea, severe cramping, and

Salmonella enterica: is a member of the Enterobacteriacecae family, a rod shape Gram-negative bacterium. After passage through the gastric acid barrier, S. enterica binds tightly to specific receptors of the epithelial cells in small intestine. The receptor interaction activates a cellular response results in transfer of bacterial effector proteins into the epithelial cell, following by uptake of bacterial cell by endocytosis. Invasion of epithelial cells induce an inflammatory response that increases the fluid secretion of epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. [2]

Typhoid fever. One of the types of salmonella bacteria is known as salmonella typhi. Even if salmonella is not originally carried by chickens, infected food handlers might contaminate the food during preparation and an undercooked chicken can absorb the bacteria and spread the disease. Around 21.5 million cases of typhoid fever is recorded worldwide. Symptoms of typhoid fever include a very high fever, weakness, headache, stomach pain, and rash.

In the fall of 1984 in The Dalles, Oregon there was a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak that caused gastroenteritis in a total of 751 people. There were two waves of the outbreak, the first being September 9th through the 18th and the second was September 19th through October 10th. An investigation of the outbreak determined that the origin of the outbreak was from 10 different restaurants and eating at their salad bars. During the epidemiological investigation, no water supply, single food item, or supplier or food distributor was common to all the affected restaurants. A later criminal investigation determined that the outbreak was intentionally caused by members of a religious commune contaminating the restaurant salad bars.

The number of occurring infections through Salmonella could be decreased using the One Health approach by initiating proper measures to prevent and possibly eliminate the infection throughout humans, animals, and the environment. The root of infection begins at the source, which would be the egg-laying chicken or hen. One measure that can be taken in diagnosing the disease is to evaluate outbreaks in groups to determine similarities

An infectious disease that I would to address is salmonella, which is a waterborne pathogen disease or food poisoning. And the agent of the disease is a bacteria. It is commonly caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water and touching infected animals and not washing your hands afterwards (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015a). Salmonella infection especially affects the intestinal tract of a human body and live in animal and human intestines. The people primarily affected by the disease are zoologist, veterinarian or zoo keeper, old adults, infants, pregnant women and their unborn babies, older adults and a person with weakened immune systems. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Salmonella may be found in the feces of some animals, and people can become infected if they do not wash their hands after contact with animals or animal feces.

The infection process is very complex due to numerous virulent factors of the pathogen. In order to enter the small intestine a bacterium must first overcome the antimicrobial activity of saliva enzyme, lactoperoxidase and the low pH of digestive fluid in the (D 'Aoust, 1991). Cytotoxin present on the bacterial cell wall disturb membrane integrity of the host cells which contribute to bacterium attachment and to cell invasion (D 'Aoust, 1991). Salmonella attaches itself to the intestinal epithelial cells by fimbriae. Pathogens enter epithelial cells by membrane-bound vesicle, this process is known as bacteria-mediated endocytosis (D 'Aoust, 1991). Bacterium then divide and invade mucosa layer. Diarrheagenic enterotoxin is released in the intestinal lumen and into the lumen of epithelial cells. Effect of enterotoxin and local inflammation cause water and

coli and Campylobacter.According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths. Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection.It is pretty much the same story with E.coli as well,it caused 46 hospitalization and 3 deaths during 2009-2010.

Enteric infections are often caused by foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The impact these pathogens have on the human body can depend on their pathogenicity and possibly even the hosts’ resident intestinal microbiome. The research aim was therefore to evaluate the possible effects the intestinal microbiome could have on susceptibility to and recovery from enteric infections. By evaluating the microbial compositions present in faecal samples of patients with enteric infections and their uninfected family members by DNA sequencing, the authors discovered levels of the microbes Proteobacteria were higher in infected persons while levels of the microbes Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were lower in uninfected persons. Future

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a pathogen commonly associated with localized intestinal infection in humans. For its survival and propagation as a facultative intracellular pathogen, this Gram-negative bacterium has developed a variety of ways to manipulate host cell processes (Malik-Kale et al. 2011). Besides phagocytic internalization (by, e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, or dendritic cells), Salmonella infection is characterized by the bacterial-induced uptake of the pathogen into non-phagocytic enterocytes of intestinal epithelium (Perrett & Zhou 2013).

Salmonella causes illness in humans. It’s food- Associate in Nursing water-borne infective that media to which may simply unfold in a very population an example is, outbreaks of illness will occur by contamination of a dish. The illness could also be controlled by antibiotics, drug resistant and hyper virulent strains square measure powerful to fight. Strains at an equivalent time, proof against seven antibiotics exist. Thereafter, understanding the thought of virulence determinants and their response to medication may be a crucial feature of dominant infection. Enteric causes a general typhoid-like an illness in mice. Salmonella, that's answerable for human communicable disease, has restricted host specificity. It cannot be studied in

Salmonellosis is one of the most commonly diagnosed infectious causes of diarrhea in adult horses. With clinical manifestations ranging from no abnormal clinical signs to acute, severe, and even possibly death. The disease has been seen to occur sporadically, but may become an epidemic, depending on the virulence of the organism, level of exposure, and host factors. Infection can occur via contamination of the environment, feed, water, or by contact with animals actively shedding the bacteria. As stress appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis – a history of surgery, transportation, or change in feed; concurrent disease, particularly GI disorders such as colic; or treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs often precedes the diarrhea.

Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, a member of the genus Salmonella, which is included in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella typhi cells are aerobic, gram negative rods that