Salmonellosis Research Paper

This lab experiment was done for the purpose of learning how to determine a gram negative bacterium based on multiple tests learned throughout the semester. My gram negative unknown bacterium given to me was Salmonella typhimurium based off of the following tests; Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfate Indole Motility (SIM), Methyl Red (MR), Voges-Proskaur (VP), Citrate, Urea Hydrolysis, and Gelatin Hydrolysis. Each test performed gives results such as motility, acid production, fermentation, carbon requirements, or detection of certain coenzymes. With a process of elimination, I determined which bacteria it was not and which bacterium I had, S. typhimurium. The expectation was to master the techniques for each test and utilize the results to determine the unknown bacterium I was given within a two-week period.

The USDA issued interim regulations that restricted the interstate sale and transportation of eggs and poultry from flocks to protect the community from salmonella- infected eggs. The USDA has to collects samples from the flock, and if any of the test came out positive and its movement in interstate commerce would be restricted. In 1990, salmonella outbreaks were traced to three houses owned by Rose Acre Farms. Because the “test flocks” tested positive, USDA officials removed and killed sixty hens from the

The average period of time that sockeye salmon live in the wild is 4 to 5 years. The oldest salmon that was caught was 8 years of age. Usually sockeye salmon die after mating (“Longevity, aging and life history of Oncorhynchus nerka”, 2009; Groot, 1966)One thing about sockeye salmon that is special and unique about them is that they swim in runs when migrating to freshwater streams to spawn. They additionally establish gregarious hierarchies, conventionally at times of reproduction. The most astronomically immense male is most ascendant (Crutchfield and Pontecorvo, 1969; Quinn, 2005). The predators of sockeye salmon are considered to be bears, lake trout, squawfish, mountain whitefish, and birds such as mew gull. Humans additionally consume a considerable about sockeye salmon.

The King Salmon or Chinook Salmon is the state fish of Alaska and is the biggest salmon in the world.Since it is the largest salmon in the world people call it the “king” salmon. King Salmon have a blueish-green back with silvery sides and a white belly and black spots on the back and tail.The King Salmon or the Chinook Salmon can grow up to 2-5 feet long and 40 pounds. The King Salmon has a short lifespan which is usually 3-7 years. King Salmon are anadromous, which means they spawn one in their life and die.

Commercial fishing boats are pushing to catch as many Atlantic salmon as they can after a net pen broke near Washington's Cypress Island. Fishermen reported thousands of the non-native fish jumping in the water or washing ashore. The pen, in the state's northwestern San Juan Islands, contained about 305,000 Atlantic salmon. Environmentalists are concerned that the escaped Atlantic salmon could potentially mate and crossbreed with the Pacific salmon or compete with them for food but they are not completely sure what the ramifications will be. Now, owner Cooke Aquaculture and the Washington department of fish and wildlife are trying to determine how many escaped. The director of the wild fish conservancy northwest, Kurt Beardslee , called the

In my opinion, world wide should have free range hens so there are healthier hens and eggs resulting in less salmonella spread, if they were free range they would be less stressed and they would not be so close together which would cause fights. If they were free range they would be healthier, and their eggs would be healthier for humans to eat because it would not carry salmonella, and the environment would benefit in many ways. Also the costs of free range living would be distributed onto the consumers in many ways.

Navigating the World’s oceans is a difficult task, finding a small place where you were born two years earlier without any navigational tools at all is impossible for most. Pink Salmon are an incredible species capable of this and so much more, but now they are faced with their greatest challenge to date. Pink salmon must somehow survive the changing chemistry due to climate change that is altering their environment, and poses the greatest risk the species will likely ever face.

The United States expanded to the west to gain more land and believed that it was their God given right to spread their knowledge across the continent. With Manifest Destiny propelling them to the west it was only a matter of time before the railroads and the transformation from agriculture to industries brought exceptionalism to the United States, they felt as though they were the dominant nation because of their success in their country.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported between 8,000 and 18,000 cases of Legionnaires' disease annually in the United States, caused by the spread of the Legionella bacteria. What can you do to protect your facility by preventing Legionella and other waterborne pathogens? Here are five practices you can implement to protect your patients, employees, and facility by preventing bacterial outbreaks in your facility water system.

Marx begins his assertions by noting the commodities produced by a worker. A commodity is simply anything used for exchange value. He argues that a worker’s labor is a commodity, and that it is the ugliest commodity available to the capitalist property owners. On page 323, Marx states, “The worker becomes an even cheaper commodity the more commodities he produces.” This leads into how capitalism alienates a worker from his own labor. There are essentially two commodities at work; the workman’s labor and the product. Marx denotes this as objectification of labor. It is when someone puts hard work into something and that manifests itself in a material good. Under the efficiency of capitalism, that worker takes little pride in the production of that commodity because he has no connection to it. For example, under capitalism a man no longer puts his labor into making a chair and then can see the product of his hands. Instead, the man now operates a machine that carves four holes in the chair. He does this thousands of times a week. He can no longer manifest this objectification or satisfaction of labor. The more commodities a man produces, the less he will be able to afford himself. The surplus value of his labor is only a benefit to the capitalists. The product has complete control over the individual. This is how a worker becomes alienated from his labor. He no longer has this attachment and sense of purpose from the object he has created. If the more objects he creates in the assembly line only causes the bourgeois to get richer and in turn causes him to lose commodities, he becomes estranged. Marx breaks down even further the estrangement that occurs. He dives deeper into objectification by saying that the alienation occurs in two-fold. First, a worker accesses the natural material world and makes something. This gives him what Marx calls “the means of life.” The means of life has two deviations. There is the means of life that is more spiritual. It gives a worker a sense of purpose and pride in their work. This has already been discussed, and how a worker loses this passion when they become a cog in a machine. Secondly, Marx says

During the last two decades Marine farming of Atlantic salmon has become an important food-producing industry. There has been a rapid growth in the development of this industry but simultaneously facing major health issues in fish. Usage of vaccination can controls many of the most important bacterial diseases but viral diseases have been more difficult to control. This is because the Atlantic salmon are more prone to viral diseases at the early stage of their life.(Rimstad, E., & Mjaaland, S. (April 01, 2002).) Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a major disease of Atlantic salmon,caused by an orthomyxovirus (ISAV). Outbreaks of unexplained mortalities attributed to infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) were examined in the 1996 year class of Atlantic

How to catch salmon really boils down to two methods, trolling and mooching. Assuming you have done the research, you know the runs are in progress, the newspapers indicate that fishing is good, weather is OK (that is, not dangerous), you have questioned as many local fishermen as you can find, have a boat ready to go, and all the necessary gear, then and only then it is time to “wet the line.”

I’ll never forget the night my father screamed out for help. I was in my room getting dressed to go to my Aunt’s promotion party. All I heard was my father scream, “I need your help”. When I entered his bedroom, his body was shaking. He told me to lay him on the bed, turn him on his side and hold him tight. It felt like an eternity, as I held him while he shook and uttered the words, “this sucks.” Something was seriously wrong. Four months later, my dad died of an unknown primary cancer that had spread throughout his body. It was an emotional and challenging time filled with tears, anger, exasperation, and sometimes, laughter, but also one of maturation and discovery.

Eggs are an affordable way to eat and be healthy because they contain many nutrients. They are a good source of protein and provide numerous vitamins and minerals in variable amounts. Eggs also have an abundant amount of the nutrient choline. Choline is especially essential for women that are pregnant and also that are breastfeeding. Choline aids in increasing brain and memory growth (http://www.livescience.com/50834-eggs-nutrition-facts.html). However there is also a risk to eating eggs. A person can contract salmonella as a result of eating raw or undercooked eggs. Eggs can get salmonella in several ways. Hens that are confirmed to small living quarters lay their eggs in the same areas where they excrete their waste. As a result the pores of the eggshell becomes contaminated with bacteria know as salmonella. In addition, hens that are already infected with salmonella enteritidis bacteria can also spread the bacteria to the unborn egg during the development of it (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377917/).

Less than four months later, in August, E. coli and total coliform bacteria were found in Flint’s water distribution system. The presence of these bacteria caused the city to issue a boil alert. Water treatment plant operators responded to the discovery by adding additional chlorine to the system. Only eight weeks later, in October, General Motors announced that it would stop using Flint water at its engine plant, citing concerns over elevated chlorine levels which it feared would cause corrosion to its machinery. GM was the City’s largest water user.