Sample Tutorial Assignment On Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Sibling studies theoretically control for social and environmental confounders, and monozygotic twin studies would be the ideal model for genetic and environmental control of potential risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders. This type of studies supported the importance of genetic and social/environmental variables as risk factors for learning disabilities. Genetic vulnerability can be related to an increased risk for surgical disease (62, 71).

Many people all around the world may come across symptoms of having scoliosis. Mostly girls from ages 10 to 16 get a curve of about 10 degrees. Scoliosis is the curvature of the spine and mostly occurs in adolescent years. Scoliosis may be identified during a physical examination by bending forward to see if your back is completely straight and if your shoulder blades are balanced. During my research process i found out that a lot of people at my school have scoliosis.

After a quick x-ray I wait for the doctor for what seems like hours, when she finally enters the room she looks in my eyes and says the exact word I was praying not to hear... “unfortunately”. My heart drops, she continues, “The x-rays showed a significant change in your curve.” I sit there, staring at the doctor, pale faced and in shock. When you have scoliosis, your spinal curve is measured in degrees, at around a 20 degree curve you would be

There are three different types of musculoskeletal disorders that effect the spinal column: Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis. Scoliosis effects the largest amount of people and also effects the widest range of ages. There are three different types of scoliosis and they are categorized by the age at which the deformity developed. Infantile scoliosis develops from birth to 4 years old, juvenile scoliosis develops from 4 to 9 years old, and adolescent scoliosis develops from 10 to 18 years. Scoliosis is most commonly developed in the adolescent stage, it compromises approximately 80 percent of all scoliosis cases (Baaj, 2017). Any

Furthermore, people born with this unique genetic defect share some similar characteristic traits and features that are both physical

"Complete Trisomy 13 Syndrome - Conditions - GTR - NCBI." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2017.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of the disorder and how genetics and biochemistry work together to create this

Biological Explanation for Anorexia Nervosa Evidence for a faulty gene. AIMS: to see if concordance rates for anorexia are higher in MZ twins compared to DZ twins. This would provide evidence for a faulty gene causing the disorder because if one MZ twin develops anorexia, there should be 100% concordance (agreement) with the second MZ twin also suffering from it, since they share the same genes. The rates for DZ twins should be much lower because they share only 50% same genes.

The first study published (Videman, et al., 1998) was involved monozygotic twins in Finns, with alleles of the TaqI and FokI polymorphism being associated with reduced magnetic resonance imaging signals of thoracic and lumbar discs. Another more recent study which confirmed the previous study was based on 205 Japanese volunteers and patients between age 20 and 29 years. From this study was found that Tt genotype of the TaqI polymorphism were more frequently associated with multilevel disc disease, severe disc degeneration and disc herniation than the TT genotype (Kawaguchi et al., 2002). In addition, influence of TaqI polymorphism to lumbar degenerative disc disease verified in Chinese population (Cheung, et al., 2006). The fact that replication of TaqI polymorphism was appeared in three different populations makes VDR as the most robust of genes associated with disc degeneration disease. The reason for this is not clear but a possible explanation is based on the fact that the polymorphism can affect the receptor level and function of vitamin D. Based on the fact that vitamin D influence the sulphate metabolism which is important for sulphation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during proteoglycan synthesis, the latter can lead to changes in the structural characteristic of the extracellular matrix in the intervertebral

In the case of NF-2, however, final results are similar among family members; a strong genotype-phenotype correlation is believed to exist. Both NF 1 and NF 2 can also appear to be spontaneous de novo mutations, with no family history. These cases account for about one half of neurofibromatosis cases. Neurofibromatosis-1 is found in approximately 1 in 2,500-3,000 live births (carrier incidence 0.0004, gene frequency 0.0002) and is more common than NF-2.

families, and that genes likely play a role in the development of the disorder. [...] (IOCDF.)”

Untreated, scoliosis progressively impacts one's life, especially through puberty's growth spurts. Scoliosis stunts growth and puts dangerous pressure on vital organs, such as the heart, liver, and lungs.

Describe the “phenotype” that is being studied in this analysis and the specific prior evidence that suggests that any further work will reveal a genetic factor.

Depending on the severity of the curvature, different treatment methods are implemented to attack this abnormality of the spine. Although the effectiveness of using plastic back braces to deter the curvature is still to be determined, doctors still generally use this method for smaller curves. In recent years, doctors have been employing a minimally invasive surgical approach for larger curves, one that requires surgeons to only make a few small incisions along the spine, rather than the traditional two-foot incision along the spine. This technique is by far the most radical treatment since the first scoliosis surgery took place in the early 1900s.

Scoliosis is a complex deformity or curvature of the spine and entire torso and has been recognized clinically for centuries (Asher, Marc A.). “For a few of the patients an underlying cause can be determined, including congenital changes, secondary changes related to neuropathic or myopathic conditions, or later in life from degenerative spondylosis. However, the cause of most scoliosis is not known and since about 1922 such patients have been diagnosed as having idiopathic scoliosis (Asher, Marc A.).”