Sampling Techniques

Poverty during 2000’s: The official poverty rate is 12.7%, based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2016 estimates. That year an estimated 43.1 million Americans were living in poverty.

Accidentally, a precipitate attempt of being benevolent might contrarily exacerbate the present situation. In the short story” The Sampler”, which is written by Ira V. Morris, the free samples of a shop are imposed on by an incongrous and poor man. Consequently, the narrator shows compassion and tries to do him a favor. However, the narrator’s genuine endeavor ends up with noting but utter repentance. The author shows that sincere intentions might be adventitiously misinterpreted by the beneficiary, and instead of ameliorating the circumstances, the eventual outcome is an adverse predicament.

1. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2012, there were 46.5 million Americans in living poverty and the official U.S. poverty rate was 15.0 percent. (U.S. Census Bureau)

n.d. Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved February 17, 2017 , from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poverty U.S. Census Bureau. (2014). National Population

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that 46.7 million Americans live in poverty equivalent to 14.8 percent of the population.

According to the U.S Census of 2016-2017, statistics show there is 12.7 percent poverty rate in the United

the amount of people that were living in poverty during the year 2000. The map is of the United

There are a variety of topics that are interesting in life. This interest may then become a point of inquisition, where an individual may formulate a relationship between two variables, which may or may not influence each other. Next, a hypothesis is formed and tested. In this same manner, a school educator was interested in determining the potential relationship between grade point average (GPA) and IQ scores among ninth graders. The educator random sampled 30 ninth graders, ages 14 years old and administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). This writer will be expanding further on this topic and will formulate the null and alternative hypothesis, describe the four scales of measurement, describe whether if there is a correlation significant (positive, negative, or no correlation) enough between both variables, describe the strength of the relationship, describe what the results reveals about the hypothesis, and what conclusions can be drawn from the results.

A. Sampling is a selection of a smaller percentage of individuals from within a larger population that is used to estimate the attitudes and characteristics of the whole population. Sampling saves time and money which is always a good thing, and allows for more manageable research. It may be almost impossible to identify every member of a population/group some may be too large, for example, if you were conducting a study on high school students as to whether they bring lunch to school or eat at the cafeteria, and this research was conducted for the entire state of Texas. Well, it would take an enormous amount of manpower and money to survey every single high school student in the state plus you would have other factors to consider as well. Then you would run into managing issues with such a large endeavor, so choosing a sample or small representation of individuals from the larger population is more

According the US Census Bureau (2016), the definition of poverty is shown as the following:

A quality engineer needs to estimate the percentage of parts manufactured on a certain day that are defective. At 2.30 in the afternoon he samples the last 100 parts to be manufactured.

Consequently, managing to retain in addition to deciding on participants for a research project for the duration of the study is a daunting task for many a researchers, they often therefore need to be able to get data from a smaller group or subset of the total population in such a way that the knowledge gained is representative of the total population (however defined) under study (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2007) Needless to say for the purpose of this study, a sample of 50-100 will suffice.

Under the Pretest-Posttest with a control group design, the sampling technique to execute would be timeslots, with randomizations. Since last semester, the department use two sections in which integrated the revamped 6200 course and two section with the original design. Through the process of using timeslots, this assessment will allow participants to choose four different time slots that best suits their schedule for the semester. No participants will know which class is which, it will just be two sections of the course, four different time slots. Two classes will be the revamped course, the other two will be the traditional course. By using this type of design, this can eliminate selection bias. Once participants have begun their course, a pretest will be administered that test participants knowledge of public-sector administration, ethical protocol, execution all mutually related to being successful in public governance. Then at the end of the semester a post-test assessment would be given to test the participant’s knowledge. By utilizing this design, researchers are allowed to compare and contrast the final posttest results between the two groups, analyzing the overall effectiveness of this assessment. In addition, can determine from the results the researchers can see what changes occurs in the pretest and posttest, whether the case study group, or both the case study and traditional group , or neither improved over the semester or remain in the same

There are plenty of sampling systems are present. By using those kind of sampling system it may causes large amount of distortion. Distortion includes aliasing, jitter, noise, aperture error etc. Aliasing. Some amount of aliasing is inevitable because only theoretical, infinitely long, functions can have no frequency content above the Nyquist frequency . Aperture error results from the fact that the sample is obtained as a time average within a sampling region, rather than just being equal to the signal value at the sampling instant. Jitter or deviation from the precise sample timing intervals. Noise, including thermal sensor noise, analog circuit noise, etc. In order to reduce the jitter and increase the speed of system we use wide band photonic compressive system. It mainly used for the periodic nonuniform sampling of signals.

The sample is taken from the narrow range of closed ended mutual funds and the period used to collect data is from July 2009 to June 2013 and the benchmark that we’ve used is KSE 100 index. Five ratios have been used to analyze the performances of closed ended mutual funds and Rp rate is collected through the website www.mufap.com.pk and the Rf rate is find out through the website www.fumap.com.pk.