Sanctions : Foreign Policy Tools

Economic sanction: An offender is required to pay a fine or restitution to the victim, or do community service.

3. "the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties"

There are several ways intermediate sanctions are administrated. First, the judiciary is the primary administration, consisting of fines, restitution and forfeiture. Fines are levied for offenses like traffic violations and as serious as felonies. Restitution

But first, what is the definition and scope of the economic sanctions that US is threatening to put on Russia? From NewRepublic.com (2014), these sanctions would:

According to the journal article, How Much Do We Really Know about Criminal Deterrence? The concept of deterrence is simple: “it is the omission of a criminal act because of the fear of sanctions or punishments. Deterrence is an important foundation of the criminal justice system. Law enforcement is there to apprehend those that break the law, and to convince the public that there is a risk of apprehension and punishment if they commit a crime.” “Laws provide a host of different sanctions for the commission of offenses such as: fines, probation, imprisonment, mandatory minimum sentences, the (three strikes) law, and others are all enacted with the expatiation that sanction threats can deter crime is at the heart of the criminal Justice system.” According to the journal article How Much Do We Really Know about Criminal Deterrence? “There is an abundance of research about specific police, judicial, and correctional policies, as well as a more general theoretical work about deterrence mechanism, with the evidence to date, it is still flimsy.”

The White House’s information page clearly states that sanctions will be re-imposed on Iran if they engage in the following: development of ballistic missiles, continued support of terror, the action of de-stabilizing regions (Syria), and converting Iran currency into the US

As United States foreign policy has matured in the wake of the Vietnam Conflict, a seemingly bloodless, less nationally controversial tool than war has emerged. The United States has begun to slap economic sanctions on rogue nations in lieu of or in addition to sending in the Armed Forces. This policy of sanctioning nations begs one to ponder the legitimacy thereof. A specific case to be examined is the Iraqi conflict. In response to Iraqís hostile takeover of Kuwait in 1990, the U.S along with United Nations implemented a sanction against Iraq. After the Gulf War had ceased, a treaty was drafted which included the lifting of the sanctions should Iraq agree to certain stipulations. To this date, the UN has

Intermediate sanctions are levied under two tiers. The first tier of sanctions levied upon the disqualified individual consists of repayment of surplus remunerations and taxation of 25 percent of said remunerations. Additionally, the organization receives a penalty of 10 percent of the surplus

Over the course of the past decade, UN sanctions has changed from comprehensive measures to targeted sanctions directed at individuals and small groups. This modification, in addition to other strategies outside the UN, have the means to make sanctions a more effective tool, where Thomas Biersteker states that targeted sanctions are effective about 20% of the time (Biersteker, Sanctions as Tools of Compliance: When and How do They Work?). The recently lifted UN sanctions on Liberia since 2003, are a prime example of how targeted sanctions can be successful. The sanctions contributed to the downfall of President Charles Taylor, who was found guilty of 11 counts of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other serious violations of international

While many would argue that seeking retribution is not an action taken literally by the judicial system (in the US), the administering of sanctions such as prison/jail sentences and fines act as punishment for the

The United States plans to pursue targeted sanctions, through the US laws, against people responsible for the alleged abuses of Rohingya Muslims. This move aims to raise the pressure on Myanmar’s military body and civilian leaders to resolve the growing crisis.

Redefine the importance of economic sanctions and collective diplomacy of UN and regional organisations : Targeted sanctions to deter or end violence, expert panels to monitor the effectiveness of targeted sanctions on peace spoilers, and an increase in the use of special envoys and special representatives to the secretary-general. Actively support EU, AU , OAS, ASEAN in promoting regional peace Although conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan consumed the majority of international attention and resources over the past decade, there has been success involving multilateral conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and peace-building

In the year 2015, trade between the two countries is all but nonexistent. The United States has placed a multitude of sanctions on Iran because of a variety of reasons. For the past thirty-five years, the White House has issued executive orders that have continued to split the two governments.

Within traditional societies there are certain concepts that we deem as inappropriate or negative. These things we negatively sanction and the level of sanction is dependent upon the different level of violation. These guiding rules are called folkways, mores, taboo, and sometimes laws. These serve as guiding paths for which people attempt to follow. Each of these are sanctioned in different ways and are commonly expected to be followed. One important thing to remember is that many things are found to be based around a bell shape curve known as a normal distribution. There is the average but there are always people that deviate from the average. This is where we find these norms broken.

An example of such clauses is the Lloyd’s Market Association which has published the 3100 Sanction Limitation and Exclusion , or GDV . Moreover, the same clause is observed by Hellenic Mutual Protection Indemnity & War Risks Association and Standard P&I Club . Comparing the LMA and Standard Club, we conclude that the wording is specific and strong in both cases, so they are clear for the protection of the insurer. The first instance focus on the source of application of sanctions namely the Organizations that enforce the regulations, while the second, on the kinds of trade operations and voyages that the assured may have in relevance to this country. The penalties for breach of sanctions are generally several. In particular, many banks have suffered huge fines in the United States, a point which except from economical issues, affects to the increase of the potential risk in case of an incident but also to their reputation. Insurers and reinsurers are dealt mainly with client’s services worldwide, so they may be inadvertently involved in sanctions breaches. In 2011, following the examination of a case, a notice of cancellation by EU insurers was formed based on EU Regulation 961/2010, and held to be valid as to deny cover to an Iranian shipowner . Broadly speaking, the most proper solution to stop sanctioned shipping activity is to cut off the availability of insurance cover, in