Sand Dune Study: Gullane

How does the vegetation vary between the part of the marsh east of I280 and that

Sand nourishment refers to the replacement of sediment on beaches that has previously been lost, generally through natural processes. It is a commonly used practice in coastal management. Collaroy Beach uses sand nourishment as longshore drift has moved sand, which cannot be replenished as there are rock formations preventing sediment from refilling the beach. Collaroy Beach also does not have an established dune system, and cannot trap sand.

walkways to prevent human interference. The main reason of dune stabilization is to slow down the speed of erosion. In 1974 the Cronulla beaches were at an all time low and

It became clear that if nothing was done, the lighthouse would soon be engulfed by the ocean. Civilian Conservation Corps, under the leadership of the National Park Service, began looking for a solution to save the lighthouse. It was believed that pumping in sand dunes was an inexpensive and effective solution at the time. In the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps began building a sand dune barrier along Hatteras Island but today’s scientists reason that while the dunes helped with minor storms, they did not stop the rising sea level and beach erosion. Sheet pile groins were also installed to slow down the beach erosion. In 1966 over 300,000 cubic yards of sand was taken from the Pamlico Sound and placed in front of the lighthouse, but the

The sand dunes were and still are created from the Northwest winds blowing the dunes farther inland approximately four to five feet each year. This whole process of “building up a sandstone” is called saltation. It’s when the winds pick up beach sand grains farther inland towards the sand dunes. This whole process is what eventually creates the dunes (“Indiana Dunes”). So overall, the dunes are created when there’s a big enough supply of sand for the wind to carry in one direction and then a natural trap will cause the wind to just drop the sand (“Indiana Dunes”). So as you can see, different factors combine together in the creation of the sand

Suitable footwear was essential in these conditions as it provides ankle support and grip when climbing the sand dunes, whatsmore having prior knowledge of the potential dangers of uneven ground will be beneficial as you would be more aware of what the dangers would be if you ran on sand dunes.

The plant species consist of upland species and bottomland species. The upland species contains forests of different types of trees. In order to determine the bottomland species, we explored the two lakes. The two lake levels are generally low throughout the year causing floating-leaf and emergent plants to be dominant. I expected to find both, floating-leaf and emergent plants to dominate in the two lakes, as well as, dead decomposing plant material settling on the bottom of

The other three canisters had slightly differents masses so they all could have had different volumes making the densities of the sand not completely accurate. One other extraneous variable was when the canisters were put in the water a small amount of water got in the canisters making the sand wet. This could make the sand ’s density different making the data

After considering the natural processes, dune profile and human impacts of Peregian Beach it can be concluded that the level of susceptibility is relatively high. Although Peregian Beach exhibits the natural processes of Long Shore Drift and accretion it must be noted that there is substantial erosion along the entirety of the beach. (figure 2) This erosion can also be seen in the dune profile (figure 4) which shows that the incipient, primary and secondary dune have experienced significant erosion when compared to a healthy dune system. Also, it can be seen that the berm has been totally eroded and that there is a steep scarp infront of the primary dune. In addition, the profile shows that the Peregian Beach dune system does not support all

Ornamental shorelines are areas that have been developed to focus on the shore’s aesthetical look and industrial value, with little attention to ecological consequences. There

Of the several essays that Archimedes has written The Sand Reckoning is the only one that remains. The essay proposed the problem of determining the number of grains of sand in the universe, containing a special notation for estimating and expressing very large numbers. The numerical system he uses is based on units of 10,000, because in ancient Greece 10,000 was the largest number they

The soil erosion is depended on rainfall, topography of the area, type of soil and vegetated area in the region.

Skempton, 1986, assumed that (a+b) for sandy soils have a constant value of 41 while Tatsuoka et al., 1978, examined the accuracy of such assumption. They suggested that such value of 41 is underestimating the relative density of fine sands and silty sands, whereas, it overestimates the relative density of coarse gravelly sands. Additionally, Ishihara, 1993, and Cubrinovski and Ishihara, 1999 & 2000, reported similar conclusions.

Figure 1. Sampling occurred at Carlingford lough (a), in the extensive mudflat area of Mill Bay (b), at three spatial scales delineated by differences in mean lag between samples (c). Green: samples collected at the smallest spatial scale (>1 and 10 and 100 but < 1000 m apart, n=4).

water discharge at Lagoa de Saquarema (Figure 1). It is a typical coastal stream with water levels solely regulated by rainfall (~1500 mm.yr-1) and run-off with abundant summer (November/March) rain accentuating water fluctuations; nonetheless, tropical storms (>120 mm in a day) are very common throughout the year. Mato Grosso stream flows through meadows deforested for agricultural practises and cattle breeding and has been changing its course because of sand extraction in its lowland areas. 2.2. Data collection and analysis Bimonthly samples, between March/2006 and February/2007, were done by picarés (mesh size 0.5 mm) in a 100 m long stretch in the lowlands of Mato Grosso stream. Sample site was