Sandwich Panels Advantages And Disadvantages

Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop then bolted into place on site. This tends to be the preferred methods as it saves time and money as well having the right working conditions.

Initially, suspension bridges before 1940 were made of piers, towers, wires, anchorages, and roadways. Piers were the main foundation for the suspension bridges. There usually were two of them, which were made out of cement and were entrenched in ground underneath the body of water that the bridge was spanned across. Towers were built on top of the piers to provide a means of connection for the roadways and wires. Wires were connected to the towers, roadways, and anchorages to provide tension support for the weight of the bridge. The anchorages were large cement platforms that were planted into the ground on either side of the land so that the wires could be connected to it. Lastly, the roadways were the main point of the suspension bridge. They usually were wide enough to provide four lanes of traffic and stretched from one side of the bridge to the other. This was the basic design of the suspension bridges

Two way slabs with beams are used for medium spans with heavy loads or even if high resistance is required to deal with lateral forces

One of the many advantages of post frame construction is how easy they are to insulate. In one real world example, a traditional block structure could only achieve an R-4 rating, but the post frame alternative could achieve

The precast components used are a combination of abutment footings and caps, wingwall sections and parapets, end posts, and approach slabs designed, manufactured, and installed by Oldcastle Precast Rehoboth. Mass.

Steel-reinforced concrete is a widely used structural material. The effectiveness of the steel reinforcement depends on the bond between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete 's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before it sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and

Truss Bridges are a common style of bridges used in the United States and all around the world. Some characteristics of truss bridge are joining a variety of relatively small structural members in a series of interconnected triangles. The vertical columns might work on tension and compression, but it depends on the dynamic loads that are applied and the complexity of the bridge. Many of the Howe truss were usually located in the North West part of the U.S because of the supplies available to them. The Howe truss was first introduced by William Howe in 1840 (Boom, Garrett. January 18, 2011.Garrett Bridges Howe Truss. www.garrettbridges.com).This style of bridge became very popular and was considered the best design to use in railroad bridges back in the 1800s. The lenticular truss is a unique design in which both the top

It is well-known that many reinforced concrete columns including particularly those RC columns constructed prior to the 1970s have been reinforced with an inadequate amount of transverse steel reinforcement which provides inefficient confinement to the concrete core or lateral restrain to the longitudinal reinforcing bars. Since the FRP composites owe some of the extraordinary properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance, the use of externally bonded FRP composites has significantly increased in the construction industry. As confinement jackets, using FRP techniques is nowadays become one of the most popularly innovative confining means for upgrading existing RC structures. Therefore, several experimental studies have been carried out to date, such as on retrofitting or strengthening those structures with FRP systems, for example. In case of rarely sever seismic loads, establishing an axial stress-strain model considering cyclic axial compressive load is, in turn, imperative for simulating FRP-confined RC columns subjected to earthquake loads and performing a proper seismic design of such FRP-jacketed RC Columns, which are typically subjected to both axial and lateral force Wang et al.(2012). A uniaxial stress-strain model can be developed from laboratory testing results on axially loaded concrete columns confined with fiber-reinforcement polymer (FRP) composites and can then be applied as the constitutive law for confined concrete

Shear force is the internal force acting in a rigid body that caused the body to move in positive or negative direction. In this analysis, the effect of increasing point load and effect of various distance to the bending moment was

Re-usable plastic formwork: These interlocking and modular systems are used to build widely variable, but relatively simple, concrete structures. The panels are lightweight and very robust. They are especially suited for similar structure projects and low-cost, mass housing

Good flow characteristics so that it penetrates the fibre bundles completely and eliminates voids during the compacting/curing process.

Reinforced conc. is available tec. for construction in Egypt and all over the world. It is used in almost all structures as: buildings, shells, bridges, tunnels, tanks and retaining walls. Conc. is made by mixing binding materials as sand and gravel held together with a paste of cement and water. Conc. has many advantages, such as high fcu, ability to cast in almost any desired shape, economical and fire resistance. Yet, there are some disadvantages, like low ft, low ductility and cracking. Regardless those disadvantages, Conc. is still one of the chosen materials in construction.

According to the article, “Energy-Efficient Approach to Cold-Weather Concreting”, Barna, Seman, and Korhonen(2011) introduce a new approach to cold-weather concreting which is antifreeze concrete. They thinks that traditional cold-weather concreting method is expensive and energy in-efficient, because traditional method requires artificial heating of the materials and needs to create a suitable environment for curing normal concrete. This study compare the estimated annual cost in 1991 and in 2011 to show the antifreeze concrete result in saving money and explains an initial laboratory tests to show that “antifreeze concrete mixtures are capable of being workable, entraining air, and meeting the design freezing point.” The authors also explains a performance test to show that the strength gain of concrete cured at -4°C is same as cured at +5°C, and that antifreeze mixtures made concrete be durable. Thus, they conclude that the antifreeze concrete doesn’t need artificial heating which results in saving time, money, and energy in constructing process.

To achieve the building function and cool efficiently, the curtain wall design needed to be incorporated into the effective means of controlling the solar gain. The main solar control comes from the roller blinds in the ventilated inner cavity of the triple-glazed glass to reduce solar radiation by 95%. The resistance of the building to solar gain is measured by “G value” which for the average office is 0.34 when using double glazing. According to Arup’s Shard project manager, David Healy, by using triple glazing with intelligent motorised roller blinds control system which could track the position and intensity of the sun to deploy the blinds only when required, the G value at The Shard will be reduced by 0.12. thereby significantly

There are four geometrical design parameters for the multi-material honeycomb re-entrant unit cell structure: vertical strut height H, re-entrant struts length L, the re-entrant angle θ, and the strut cross section side length t. According to EMSL system’s manufacturing characteristic, these four parameters are chosen to be: θ=60°, H / L / t = 10:5:1.