Sanger Sequencing Research Paper

Similar to the 1963 film Cleopatra, in Plutarch's The Life of Antony, sexism is maintained in the passage and compatible with its message. Through the author's portrayal of Cleopatra and Antony, he spreads the message that obsession with power is bad and the idea that manipulation and attempts at domination are signs of a bad ruler. Sexism is compatible with such messages because as indicated by Plutarch, Cleopatra utilizes sexist expectations of women in order to manipulate Antony through her aspirations of domination. Therefore, similar to the films Cleopatra and Quo Vadis, because Cleopatra is unsuccessful as she commits suicide in the end and is found "lying dead upon a golden couch," as well as is portrayed as an immoral ruler in

The primary purpose is to identify a genetic marker or study the function of a specific gene. There are three steps involved in this process which are as follows: denaturation, annealing and elongation. Denaturation involves heating the DNA to agitate the hydrogen bonds, and annealing allows the temperature to be lowered so that the primers can be “annealed” to the single-stranded DNA template. The last step requires DNA polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA that is complementary to the RNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction (Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2016). The forward and reverse primers are needed to start the replication process by providing the appropriate nucleotides to the new strand. On the contrary, sanger sequencing makes copies of a target DNA, and the the DNA strand that will be sequenced is separated into two strands, so they can be copied through chemically altered bases. The altered bases cause the process of copying to terminate each time a particular letter is added to the growing DNA chain, which happens to all four bases until the fragments are put together to reveal the original sequence of the original DNA. The aforementioned processes are thoroughly explained to give an overview of the steps involved in providing the end products of the experiment, so an individual can manually decipher

Jay Shendure, a genome scientist has also found another method of doing so. In a study he conducted, they were able to sequence a fetuses genome by using the mothers' plasma and father salvia. After giving birth, the compared this to the genome found in the

1. This is a technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a DNA sequence. (Genetic Science)

We used Big Dye which contained DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and dideoxynucleotides which were fluorescently labeled. The sequencing reaction will produce DNA fragments ranging from about 30 to 500 nucleotides (Holbrook and Leicht, 2017). To determine how much of our PCR DNA should be added to the sequencing reaction we observed the brightness of our 500 base pair band compared to the Size Standard. Our band was about twice as bright so we knew that our sample contained 13.3 ng/ul of 6 / 10 DNA. To make our dilution of our PCR product we combined 2ul of the DNA product to 14ul of water.

DNA is a necessity for life on earth. It is a long chain of molecules that acts as a code that defines physical traits, personalities, and even diseases. As was mentioned, people are familiar with scientist changing the DNA to produce better crops in the field. However, in 2012 scientist discovered a technology called CRIPSR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). This was such an improvement since it is now possible to alter DNA in humans. CRISPR brings the technology to cut any piece of DNA

The President’s DNA Initiative* (2007) which developed the first nationally-used, online theoretical base for DNA analyst training and is still in use today.

BLAST is considerably faster than the other tools by rapidly aligning sequences and is less time-

This method, as well as the Maxam and Gilbert method, for sequencing DNA are transforming the world of science, medicine and the views of people around the world.

- to determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs of the human DNA

Every day DNA technology becomes more advanced and innovative, for example can match the smallest amounts of biological evidence to a criminal offender. Future DNA techniques will be applied to existing systems and testing methods that will become more automated and will be more effective and less time consuming. Instead of waiting months of DNA results the future will provide instantaneous means for DNA profile development.

The Sanger Sequencing method has Dideoxy nucleotides which are similar to deoxy nucleotides, but they have one key difference, they lack a hydroxyl group on the 3’ carbon of the sugar ring. In the regular nucleotide, the 3’ hydroxyl group allows a new nucleotide to be added to an existing chain (which is responsible for polymerization). The dideoxy nucleotide has been added to the chain, there is no hydroxyl available and no further nucleotides can be added. The chain ends with the dideoxy nucleotide, which is marked with a particular color of dye depending on the base (A, T, C or G) which it carries.

The polymerase chain reaction or PCR for short can be used to create many copies of DNA. This allows the DNA to then be visualized using a dye like ethidium bromide after gel electrophoresis. The process has been refined over the years, however the basic steps are similar.

The human genome consists of over 3 billion of these genetic letters. Since a whole genome cannot be sequenced at once because accessible procedures of DNA sequencing can only take short stretches of DNA at a time, so scientists first break the genome into small pieces, sequence the pieces, and then collect them in the appropriate order to attain the order of the entire genome. There are two methods to the mission of separating the genome and putting it back together again. One method is known as clone-by-clone approach, which involves first breaking the genome up into moderately large chunks, called clones. This approach is very slow. The second approach involves breaking the genome up into small pieces, sequencing the pieces, and reassembling the pieces into the full genome sequence which is called whole-genome shotgun approach. Unlike clone- by- clone approach, this approach is

A genome is the complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all the information needed to build that organism. In humans, more than 3 billion DNA base pairs are present. For advance knowledge of molecular and evolutionary biology, it is crucial to sequence the DNA of every human chromosome. This is quite huge in scale, as it sought to determine the order of all 3 billion nucleotides in the human genome. Hence a number of sequencing techniques were developed that at the same time emphasized speed without too much loss of accuracy.