Santa Fe Trail Research Paper

The Union Pacific had the twin advantages of comparatively flat land and a continuous supply line back to the factories of the East coast. The Central Pacific, however, had to fetch most of its materials, except timber, by sea, twelve thousand miles around the tip of South America. The conclusion of the seven-year race for railroad supremacy resulted in a meeting point at Promontory Point, Utah. The Central Pacific had laid 690 miles (1110 km) of track, starting in Sacramento, California, and continuing through California (Newcastle and Truckee), Nevada (Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Elko, Humboldt-Wells), and connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory (Gordon 302). The Union Pacific had laid 1,087 miles (1,749 km) of track, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, and continuing through Nebraska (Elkhorn, Grand Island, North Platte, Ogallala), Julesburg in the Colorado Territory, Sidney, Nebraska, the Wyoming Territory (Cheyenne, Laramie, Green River, Evanston), the Utah Territory (Ogden, Brigham City, Corinne), and

When the California Gold Rush took off almost everyone wanted to try their luck in California, and the first thing they had to do is get there. If you on the eastern side of the United State or from European you had two choices to get to California they were the sea or land route, but if you were on the Pacific Ocean coast you direct sea route to there. The land route took you across the great United State through some of its most extremes weather and terrain, and traveler had survived the untamed west on their own and what they bring. Also, they had to struggle against diseases outbreaks such as Cholera which the text said, “As many as 1500 travelers died from Cholera along the Overland Trail in 1849” (Gillon, 298). The most popular route

There are many ways in which we can view the history of the American West. One view is the popular story of Cowboys and Indians. It is a grand story filled with adventure, excitement and gold. Another perspective is one of the Native Plains Indians and the rich histories that spanned thousands of years before white discovery and settlement. Elliot West’s book, Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers and the Rush to Colorado, offers a view into both of these worlds. West shows how the histories of both nations intertwine, relate and clash all while dealing with complex geological and environmental challenges. West argues that an understanding of the settling of the Great Plains must come from a deeper understanding, a more thorough

This book is about how William Foster produces eleven maps of the expeditions that took place from Northeastern Mexico during the years of 1689 to 1768. Foster also explains the diary records kept in each expedition as the Spanish explorers passed through Texas. This book also deals with how the Spanish had to overcome the Indian threats that arose during the seventy-nine years of the Spanish expedition. The main purpose of this book is to study the routes followed and the important events that occurred during each of the eleven expeditions that took place in Texas.

During the time of crossing the overland trail, many people instead chose to take the ship route which went around Cape Horn at the tip of South America. The points that we are given to keep in mind are:

“If any act symbolized the taming of the Northwest frontier, it was the driving of the final spike to complete the nation’s first transcontinental railroad.”1 The first railroad west of the Mississippi River was opened on December 23, 1852. Five miles long, the track ran from St. Louis to Cheltanham, Missouri. Twenty-five years prior, there were no railroads in the United States; twenty-five years later, railroads joined the east and west coasts from New York to San Francisco.2

The political dangers of the Santa Fe Trails are not unique to a time period; they were however differed in severity only shared across the timeline. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Southwest faced a range of challenges, including the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), which was fought over the disputed boundary of Texas after it was annexed in 1845. The Mexicans and the Native Americans continued to cause problems for political agents in the Southwest. Challenges in the Southwest such as the relations with the Mexicans and Native Americans continued through to The American Civil War, 1861-65. James Silas Calhoun (b.1802) was made Indian Agent in 1851 by President Fillmore. His political history begins in 1825 working within Georgia Legislature, starting as a Democratic he became a Whig in the early 1830’s. He died in Independence Missouri in 1852. James Calhoun’s correspondence illustrates a wide range of circumstances from which the political situation can be deduced. The correspondence covers the period of his time in office: 1849-52. Alongside other contemporary accounts the details of the political situation can be concurred across the timeline, although the situation adapted over the time period of this study. Accounts from Captain William Becknell and William Ryus give further details of the Santa Fe Trail before and after James Calhoun’s correspondence. Becknell and Ryus travelled the Trail in 1821 and 1860 respectively; Becknell was the first one to travel

Before the Pacific Rail Way Act was in action, there was much interest and need for a cross country railroad. The first railroad that was used in the states was along the east coast but unfortunately had minimal stops. In the 1840’s the railway expanded, extending throughout the east, south, and Midwest. This allowed more trades, but affected the way of life of the native Americans. Around the 1850’s congress sponsored numerous

The yellow field with the red Zia symbol in the middle are the colors of the Spanish flag. Spanish explorers first discovered this territory in 1540. New Mexico is one of the most beautiful states with its timeless traditions and mesmerizing scenery.

At Fort Bridger, the Donner Party took the Hastings Cutoff, an untried shortcut through Utah’s Weber Canyon and the Great Salt Lake Desert. The Imus Party chose the longer, but proven, track through Fort Hall [Idaho].

Between the years of 1845 and 1848 America was on a mission to expand farther west. This was mission was not something that was completed over night, but instead too many years to reach the goal. There were multiple disagreements and even some wars erected from this operation. In this paper I am going to discuss the how the Oregon Territory was one of the best claims we have owned and how the California and Texas Territory was one of the worst claims we have owned.

It has shown the difficulties when dealing with Native Americans and the manoeuvring that was required with each treaty. The challenges of working with the Indian Office. Not only this, the correspondence has shown the influence of the Office of Indian Affairs since its inauguration in 1824. James Calhoun’s correspondence has not been used extensively in order to show the dangers of the travelling during the nineteenth century as well as the challenges of the political environment. My work accepts the theory of borderlands as a cultural barrier as well as geographical one, however the reason the Santa Fe Trail was different to others was due to the cultural outlook. My argument is still that the Santa Fe Trail was only as dangerous as any other trail, James Calhoun faced the same challenges as other in his trade. Challenges faced with Native Americans were similar throughout the country, and James Calhoun did everything possible to help ease the passage of Americans as well as Native Americans through the South west. This argument takes the arguments of borderlands and adds the political component, revealing that the politicians and policies used to protect the traders. They used military escorts, treaties and agreements with Native Americans in order to establish a safe trading state throughout the time period. Prior to the injection of James Calhoun in the

Around the 1840’s, the western land was still fairy new to America with many Americans eager to expand. Americans became extremely curious, wondering what lies in this forsaken land and developed the proposal of manifest destiny. The term manifest destiny “was a brief way to express support for American expansion and the annexation of western lands” (Mountjoy 12). Americans were now longing for a path from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast and hoping to fulfill manifest destiny. To achieve this “Asa Whitney proposes the construction of a transcontinental railroad” (Streissguth 9). The transcontinental railroad was designed to “link Omaha, Nebraska with Sacramento, California” (Stein 105). By creating the transcontinental railroad America would be able to expand across the entire country and manifest destiny would be fulfilled. After a long process “On May 10, 1869 the transcontinental railroad was complete” (Bain 9). Americans had access across the entire United States and was able to complete manifest destiny. This accomplishment was huge for America and provided happiness for an abundance of citizens. However, this happiness was not achieved by everyone. Plains Indians were very agitated upon the completion of the transcontinental railroad. The transcontinental railroad’s “tracks ran through a number of tribal territories, bringing into conflict cultures that held very different views of the land and how it might be used and lived on” (Jawort). How were Plains Indians

Today is the day! I get to visit the Rocky Mountains. I have never seen the Rocky Mountains. Also, I am going on their 100th anniversary. The Rocky Mountains have been there for over 300 million years. In 2015, Rocky Mountain National Park was the third most visited national park with over 4.1 million visitors. I have to get there early because it will be packed. The temperature can drop up to 20 degrees on top of the mountains, so I better bring a jacket.

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