Sarcopenia

2014). Sarcopenia is characterized as a progressive condition and is caused by low levels of physical activity and increased levels of inflammation. Sarcopenia is very commonly seen in elderly patients and they often show signs of decline in physical functioning, strength and health (Iolascon et al. 2014). According to Santilli et al. (2014), if an elderly patient has low handgrip strength, that shows low levels of muscle strength and if an older adult has a slow walking speed or weak muscle power, those are signs of low muscle performance. Sarcopenia also correlates with fragility of elderly patients and increases the risk of falls (Santilli et al. 2014). According to Iolascon et al. (2014), it is an important risk factor for disability and mortality. One big role to prevent or postpone Sarcopenia is physical exercise. According to Iolascon et al. (2014), the best exercise to do is resistance training because it may maintain or increase muscular strength and

Sarcopenia results in unfavorable and detrimental effects on an older person’s physical function. Muscle mass decrease is probably the single most frequent cause of late-life disability among older people. It is directly responsible for functional impairment with loss of strength, and increased likelihood of falls and fractures, as muscles account for 60% of the body protein stores, the reduction in lean body mass has other health effects independent of its functional consequences (Rolland et al., 2008).

Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. It often is a result of or leads to decrease in physical activity which leads to functional impairement or disability and increases vulnerability towards other chronic ailments such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes etc (Roubenoff & Hughes 2000). With age there is a decline in mitochondrial biogenesis as well as reduction in the ability to promote muscle protein synthesis which has substantial impact on the age-associated loss of muscle mass and strength, both of which are the two most recognized risk phenotypes associated with sarcopenia. Previous work has reported enormous inter-individual variability in these phenotypes arising

Aging processing leads to physiological changes in the body composition (Yu et al., 2014). Specifically, there is a decline in the muscle mass. This loss of muscle mass has been illustrated to be the main factor of strength reduction in aging (Goodpaster et al., 2006). From the age of 50 to 70 years, the reduction of muscle mass is about 8% per decade. After that, the muscle mass loss is approximately increased to be about 15% per decade (Yu et al., 2014). The loss of muscle mass and strength throughout aging is called sarcopenia (Yu et al., 2014). Sarcopenia is often linked to frailty and bone

This article discusses how exercise increases bone density and therefore makes an individual less susceptible to broken bones over time. The article notes that as you age, the human body faces an increase in frailty. This is evident in the fact that according to the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) more than 300,000 Americans that are ages 65 or older are hospitalized every year for hip fractures. It is also notable that Osteoporosis: a disease characterized by porous weakened bones over time, puts individuals at a higher risk for fractures. To reduce this risk, physical exercise is strong encouraged by doctors because it helps build bone tissue and muscle.According to Dr. Joshua Grahlman, founder of Clutch Physical Therapy in New York, “you need to keep stresses on your bones and keep moving so that you don't become more frail"(Meltzer, 2017).

One topic that has grown great interest in the health field is a disease known as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a complex disease and is defined as a loss in skeletal muscle due to aging. Since this disease is associated with biological aging, it is found in the elderly. It is expected to triple in people who are over the age of 60 in the next 50 years, which is why it has sparked an interest in research. There are multiple factors that can cause this muscular dystrophy in aging adults which will be discussed in this paper as well as, understanding homeostasis of skeletal muscle mass, treatments for sarcopenia, and the individuals who are at risk of forming sarcopenia. (Denison, 2015)

Aging of the population is a worldwide phenomenon that is accompanied by a series of modifications to several physiological parameters, such as a progressive increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean body mass. However, these alterations are not linear and must be constantly monitored.In elderly individuals, changes in body composition result in the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined with a loss of muscle mass and strength; this has recently been defined as sarcopenic obesity.Sarcopenic obesity is associated with functional limitations and increased mortality.The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with obesity and sarcopenia in elderly Brazilian women. Two hundred

Mobility is essential for general independence as well as ensuring good health and quality of life (QoL) (Michelle, Jim, Jennifer, Sjaanie, & Judith, 2006). In old age, muscle weakness due to sarcopenia is responsible for the occurrences of frailty and important disability (Fried, et al., 2001). Especially in institutionalised elderly persons, muscle strength can deteriorate to a point where it becomes critical for independence of transfers and walking. There is strong evidence that in healthy older persons major gains in muscle strength can be obtained by resistance exercises (Latham, Bennett, Stretton, & Anderson, 2004). The ability to walk for a short distance and the grip strength are quick and inexpensive measure of physical function, and are important components of quality of life, since it reflects the capacity to undertake day-today activities. The six-minute walk distance test (6MWD) was developed by (Balke, 1963), to evaluate functional capacity like cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.

Sarcopenia has since been defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. ( Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2010).

The most common types of exercise for older adults includes: aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility. Out of the four exercise training modalities, flexibility is often down played as unimportant to fitness. Most exercise-physiology research on aging has only seemed to focus on cardiovascular health and muscle strength, but maintaining or improving flexibility should have at least same amount or more importance for function and quality of life in older adults (Holland et al., 2002). Flexibility training is comprised of stretching exercises utilized to maintain full ROM of joints in older adults who may experience limited joint mobility (Nelson et al., 2007). The purpose of flexibility training is to increase an older adult’s ROM that involves

When our clients combine our recommended exercises with our myotherapy sessions, they will realise an increase in body strength. If senior citizens do not work at maintaining muscle mass, they will suffer a loss of strength, which can make performing daily tasks difficult and at times, impossible without assistance.

Not long ago finding that people in their nineties can build muscle made front page news. Why did the finding surprise us? It surprised us because it violates our concept of aging. "Gradual deterioration" sets up expectation of irreversible loss in muscle mass, bone density, lung capacity, balance, flexibility, etc. Obedient to the concept, we "act our age,"sitting sedentary, deteriorating according to plan. Inactivity precipitates decline in a vicious circle, but no matter how limiting and self-destructive, we conform and age to the letter. We succumb more to the concept than to age itself, even though all the while, the concept is mistaken.

In addition biomechanics in regards to age group affiliation will affects durability. When comparing abilities regarding age group a dissimilar approaches must be implemented. Nevertheless, adolescents responds to physical training is similarly to adults. However, injury may become an outcome regarding senior citizens when training. Therefore modification will solitary apply to senior citizens ages 60 plus. Modification embraces eighty percent of expected training load. For example, three months out participants are required to complete 3x10 leg press exercise with low intensity. However, senior citizens will primarily account for eight reps. Nevertheless the exercise plan implies less reps with higher intensity closer to hiking date. Therefore decreasing reputation closer to hike date is redundant. However, alterations to aerobic exercise will acquire slight revision. Senior citizens will account for half of recommending load. For clarifications instead of completing 30 second squat jumps 25 seconds will be required. Although training load is decreased intensity level will remain equivalent to exercise plan. Though, Age variation become concerning throughout training, exercise revision will encourage individuals to sustain maximum

The age-related loss of muscle power is more rapid than the parallel loss of muscle strength which in turn is more rapid than the loss of muscle mass. Patients with sarcopenia manifested a reduction in the number of both type I/slow-twitch

Thus, it is important to intervene and stop the functional denervation process caused by aging (Krause, Ciena, Anaruma, de Souza & Gama., 2015). Also, Cheng et al. (2013) demonstrated that when voluntary exercise training is done throughout life, it delays death expectancy and displays more compact neuromuscular junction structure at older age. Thus, Among various strategies found in the scientific literature, exercise and/or physical training appears as activity of easy implementation and low cost for controlling functional