Sarpogrelate Case Study

Immune chemicals cause widespread inflammation, leading to blood clots and reduced blood flow 2• 1

Leads to a reduced ability to form blood clots due to a decreased number of platelets.

While the main action of typical antipsychotics is on the D2 receptor, atypical antipsychotics show enhanced activity at 5-HT receptors with a low affinity for D2 receptors (Divac et al., 2014). Atypical antipsychotics are more effective in reducing cognitive and negative symptoms and result in fewer EPS than the typical antipsychotics (Davis, Chen, & Glick, 2003). The high binding affinity

Diabetes also increases the risk of PAD by causing dysfunction of the smooth muscle and endothelium of the arteries. The risk of developing PAD is positively correlated with the duration and severity of the patient’s diabetes. Dyslipidemia accelerates the progression of PAD, and hypertension can increase the incidence of intermittent claudication.1

Sulmatriptan is a selective 5-HT1D agonist but also has actions act 5-HT1B receptors. Sulmatriptan does not cross the blood-brain barrier. The mechanism of action of drugs use in migraine are very little understood as they include such a wide variety in actions sunatirptuan and it congnars are currently 1st-pherorapy for a kid acute migraine in most patient they should not be use for patient at risk for pulmonary artery sunatriptan an order triptans are selective agonist for 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B receptors. These receptors types are found cerebral and meningeal vessels and moderate vasoconstrictron they are found on neurons and probably function as brbs inhibitior receptors the efficacies of all the triptan 5-HT agonist in migraine are equal to

5-HT3 antagonists include odansetron and palonosetron, which are particularly useful in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Sansone, 2014).

Though the antagonist effects by atypical antipsychotics on D2 receptors are identical to the typical antipsychotics, the second action neutralizes a large amount of EPS. Acting as an antagonist brings receptor activity back to baseline, which can have different effects depending on the receptor being targeted. The 5HT2A receptor regulates the release of dopamine into the striatum, when the activity level of this receptor is lowered it increases the release of dopamine which helps prevent the excessive inhibition of dopamine that effects the development of Parkinsonism. The additional dopamine in the striatum competes with the drug antagonists at binding sites preventing the antagonists from binding to all of the available receptors and reducing

that this drug's antipsychotic activity is mediated through a combination of dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) antagonism. It is an antagonist at multiple neurotransmitter receptors in the brain: Serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2, dopamine D1 and D2, histamine H1, and adrenergic alpha1- and alpha2-receptors; but appears to have no appreciable affinity at cholinergic muscarinic and benzodiazepine receptors. Norquetiapine, an active metabolite, differs from its parent molecule by exhibiting high affinity for muscarinic M1 receptors. Antagonism at receptors other than dopamine and 5-HT2 with similar receptor affinities may explain some of the other effects of quetiapine. The drug's antagonism of histamine H1-receptors may explain the

Ritalin, the common name of the drug methylphenidate, is a a medication used to treat ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and narcolepsy, a certain sleep disorder. It operates by changing the amounts of the natural substances in the brain stem arousal system and cortex and belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants. Ritalin, classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule II narcotic, helps to increase the ability of a person to pay attention, to remain to focus on a specific activity, manage behavioral problems, organize task and improves listening skill (WebMD, 2015-2016). This drug has the same classification as morphine, cocaine, and amphetamines so it’s often abused by youngsters because of its powerful stimulant effects.

Aripiprazole is a type of atypical antipsychotics that approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat irritability, conduct disorder as well as autism in young patients between 6 to 17 years old. According to Averna, D’Agati, & Vicari (2016), aripiprazole has an exclusive mechanism of action such as having a combination of partial agonism at the D2 and 5-HT1A receptors and antagonism at the 5-HT2A receptor. For that reason, it leads them to hypothesize the existence of a possible dose– effect relationship of aripiprazole in the treatment of DMDD (pp.149-150). The most common side effects of aripiprazole/abilify are nausea, headaches, abdominal pain, heartburn, and the serious side effects are irregular heart beat, tightening of neck muscles and throat, chest pain, confusion and etc.

This change in RBF is most apparent in age 50 and will steadily decline by 10% per decade (Digiovanna, 2000). This decline is due to a multitude of dilation and constriction changes. Firstly, the renal arteries (e.g. accurate and interlobular) lose their shape and curve. Secondly, calcium builds up on the renal artery walls. Finally, the increased production of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide is responsible for the decline in renal blood flow (Čukuranović and Vlajković, 2005). The decline in RBF is the main cause for most the of the declines in renal physiological function: filtration, reabsorption, and hormone secretion (Digiovanna, 2000). The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can also lead to arterial constriction and can further the aging affects on RBF (Digiovana,

From the analysis above, we concluded that drugs B and C are competitive antagonists. Although to compare

Ritalin, named after the wife of its creator, Leandro Panizzon, is a common trade name for methylphenidate, and was first synthesized by the pharmaceutical company known today as Novartis Corporation (Myers, 2007). A central nervous system stimulant most commonly used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy, Ritalin acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increasing neurotransmission of dopamine in the brain and enhancing performances in memory, cognition and attention (Markowitz, Patrick & Straughn, 2003). Although available in various forms, Ritalin is most commonly used in the form of pills and capsules (Lehmann &Wojnowicz, 2016). Also known as the “Smart Drug” or “Vitamin R”, Ritalin is used as an antidepressant for major depressive disorder, particularly in stroke and cancer patients (King, Leonard, McCartan and White, 2004; Office of National Drug Control Policy).

Venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis are considered to be distinct pathophysiological processes due to their evident anatomical variances. With one having to deal with platelet activation while the other involving the clotting system activation, arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis are similar yet vastly different when it comes to the processes that are performed for the body. These same processes that help the body have to be performed accordingly or the signs and symptoms begin to show. For instance, venous thrombosis can lead to Chronic Venous Insuffiency and other issues when a body part is congested. This is most commonly causes by valvular incompetence in the low-pressure superficial venous system; however, it can also be causes

Aspirin -Aspirin works by irreversibly inhibiting prostaglandin thromboxane A2 by irreversible acetylation of cyclooxygenase enzyme. This inhibition will result in diminished platelet aggregation.