Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer

California is the leading state in agricultural production; however, the state has taken a blow from this four-year drought. Farmers have been forced to re-evaluate their irrigation systems and make necessary changes to conserve water. In order to judge the agricultural water use efficiency, scientists are using a ratio of evapotranspiration of the crop grown to the water applied to the crop. Evapotranspiration is the total evaporation and plant transpiration from land surface to the atmosphere (Marin et al. 2015). Through various

According to the AS2870 (2011), it is found that ‘the water uptake by trees is mainly related to 9 elements, including 1) tree species; 2) tree health; 3) stage of growth; 4) total leaf area; 5) height; 6) root, trunk and branch mass; 7) soil type; 8) climate; and 9) tree water suction

Variations in the Prediction of Semipermanent Drought Conditions in the Great Plains Region and the Methods Used to Derive These Predictions

California has had the driest year on record recently. There are different types of drought. Drought can thought as dry, cracked earth; low water levels, such as lakes and stuff; and barren fields, but these are examples of different types of drought, each of which is measured differently. Meteorological drought, which is very specific to the area as average precipitation, may vary considerably spatially. This is a most often thought of as drought in comparison to precipitation, assessing the degree of dryness (in relation to a local or area average) and the duration of the dry period. A concern of farmers is agricultural drought when available water

1. Terra Nova is currently at a turning point in the company’s timeline.  Until recently, the company has been successful and growing and a leader in its industry. The financial downturns the company is currently experiencing are due to the complacency that started in top management and, in order to fix this situation, there must be multiple changes made. There is a large social disconnect between the younger and more senior members of the firm. Although Terra Nova has a hierarchical structure based on skill and demonstrated results, in recent years the senior partners received more support from the company leaders and benefits while the junior professionals feel undervalued and unappreciated. Because of

Last week marked a time for important government decisions and controversy. Between December eight and December eleventh, President Trump authorized NASA to send men back to the moon, members of the Democratic Party publicly called for President Trump’s resignation due to allegations of sexual misconduct, the Port Authority bus terminal underwent a terrorist attack, and the White House claimed that Trump’s immigration plans could have prevented the Port Authority attack. Additionally, between December twelfth and thirteenth, the Federal Reserve lifted interest rates, the CHIP program is promised renewal, the House and Senate announced some facets of their tentative tax deal, and Doug Jones won the Alabama special election.

The impacts of climate change on drought attributes continue to be debated in the scientific community, even as multiple regions, globally and in the United States, experience severe droughts. Drought is a recurrent problem in many parts of the Conterminous United States (CONUS). Heat waves and droughts alone caused damage of around $210.1 billion dollars during 1980-2011 in the United States and ranked second highest after tropical cyclones in terms of financial losses (Smith and Katz, 2013). Droughts are difficult to characterize because of complex interdependence among various drought attributes, such as severity (magnitude), duration, spatial coverage, frequency and persistence. In a design context, assumption of complete independence or

Also, the azimuth was less than 180 degrees which gave an estimate at where it would be in the sky.

NASA's Hubble Telescope has seemingly maxed out. Recently, an international group of astronomers have measured the distance to the most remote galaxy ever observed. It what is known as GN-Z11, this galaxy is one of the first galaxies to form. Its existence can be traced as early as 400 million years after the Big Bang. Knowing this brings astronomers one step closer to finding out how to the universe was created. In other words, they may have just found God.

1- most of these stations are unevenly spatially distributed and not enough to extract regional and long-term records of climatic parameters. Rainfall measurements by gages are a good example for the heterogeneity of assessment in space and time (El Kenawy and McCabe 2015); 2- some stations are restricted by topographic influences, nonetheless, their data are used to comprise the climate of the entire region including its plateaus and depressions, which gives biased results. For example, Hereher (2010) found that wind data obtained from meteorological stations in some depressions within the Western Desert of Egypt do not accurately reflect the general wind conditions in the mainland of the desert and there is differences between the main sand drift calculated in these depressions and those extracted from satellite images for the upland desert; and 3- meteorological stations are generally settled in or around cities and, hence, temperature data may be under the influence of the urban heat island (UHI) effect that rises the urban temperature more than surrounding environment. Li et al. (2004) observed that the average surface air temperatures in China were considerably affected for about 50 years due to the UHI. In such cases, it is not possible to point out the

Results from the project were ambiguous. We were able to show a statistical correlation between drought and water impairments. However, these results were not always consistent due to the variation in the data. Impairment data is recorded every two years; however, the exact time during that year and weather conditions at that moment the samples are taken are not recorded. Other issues with this data were the lack of consistency in where the test stations are located from year to year. Weather data on the other hand is taken on a daily basis from consistent locations and drought data is compiled every month. Trying to merge or over lay these two types of data proved to be difficult. Due to these issues it is import to point out that correlation does not imply causation. Many other variables could affect water impairment at the time of a drought or

The film, Between the Earth and Sky, directed by Paul Allen Hunton in 2017 showcases climate change in Alaska and round the world. The idea for the film originally came from Dr. David Weindorf, a professor at Texas Tech University. Dr. Weindorf frequently took students to Alaska for field trips led by Chein Lu Ping, professor of soil science at the University of Alaska and a one of the leading experts in permafrost. While on these fieldtrips, Weindorf became curious on how climate change was affecting arctic and sub-arctic areas.

Drylands in the western United States are subject to generally low soil moisture content. Understanding the hydrology and moisture levels of these soils is crucial to understanding dryland ecosystems (Newman et al. 1997 Journal of Hydrology; Wythers et al. 1999 SSSAJ). Soil water is lost through bare-soil evaporation and transpiration (Wythers et al. 1999 SSSAJ). Commonly, these processes have been linked together as evapotranspiration; distinguishing between the two is a difficult yet important task (Villegas et al. 2010 Journal of Arid Environments; Wythers et al. 1999 SSSAJ). One way to better estimate evapotranspiration and understand the water budget in drylands is to determine the processes driving soil evaporation. It

The digital elevation model (DEM, 10 m × 10 m) will be used in this study which will be generated from radar image of sentinel 1 with 10 m resolution. Climatological data (average rainfall data) will be collected from the Ethiopia Meteorological Agency. An exploratory soil map of study area will be obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia or FAO, socio economic data will be acquired from CSA and other data will be acquired from respective bodies.

Drought is a natural hazard due to adverse climatic changes which affects various sectors like environment, society and economy. It occurs not only because of the scarcity of rainfall but also due to the inefficient water resource management. Studies indicate that over 30% of the entire land surface of earth is affected by drought. As a developing country, majority of Indian population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture. So the abnormal monsoon precipitation, causing loss of agricultural production, can highly influence the human life. In this paper, Karur district in Tamil Nadu which often has a very low annual rainfall is taken as the study area for drought monitoring. The technological evolution in remote sensing over the past few decades has opened a new era in the field of drought monitoring. Thus, use of remote sensing and GIS helps in developing early warnings about drought conditions which will be useful for planning the strategies for relief work. Drought analysis can be performed by calculating different drought indices like Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) and Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI).Rainfall data from 2000-2009 is used to compute the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in different time scales which is used in meteorological drought monitoring. Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) obtained from ground water level data is used for the hydrological drought analysis.