Satre's Criticism Of Psychoanlytes

Psychoanalysis is a therapy of psychological theory that aims to treat mental illnesses based on the concepts of Sigmund Freud, who emphasized the importance of free association and dream analysis. The model of psychoanalysis aim is to release repressed emotion and experiences, by making unconscious thoughts, conscious. The fundamental principles of psychoanalysis are practiced by putting an emphasis on the patient to gain insight into the origins of their respective problems like a patient presenting symptoms of anxiety would be encouraged by a licensed professional to explore their past, in hopes of discovering problems that manifested the anxiety. The anxiety created may be a defense mechanism directed towards displacement in their world.

Following the publication of Freud’s ‘Papers on Technique’ between 1912 and 1917, there have been papers and symposia on the subject. Four symposia in 1937, 1948, 1958, and 1961 were devoted to the examination of therapeutic results of psychoanalysis, the mechanisms behind its curative factors, variations in technique and the ego-psychological approach to interpretations (Rosenfeld, 1972, 454). In 1934, James Strachey published his paper on “The Nature of the Therapeutic Action of Psychoanalysis,” which has since been considered one of the most seminal works on the subject. He holds that his paper is “not a practical discussion upon psychoanalytic technique,” and that “it’s immediate bearings are theoretical” (Strachey, 1934, 127). However, as Herbert Rosenfeld points out in his 1972 critical appreciation of Strachey’s paper, “this is clearly an understatement; the paper both challenges one’s clinical experience and has important clinical implications even though actual case material is not quoted” (Rosenfeld, 1972, 454). It would not be difficult to summarize Strachey’s main points regarding therapeutic action and mutative interpretation, and it would prove similarly sterile to simply compare his ideas with the views of other psychoanalysts, contemporaneous and contemporary. Instead, as Strachey concerns himself primarily with the structural nature of mutative change, this paper will aim to delineate a more in-depth exploration of the way different structures of the

An example of a scholar trying to utilize psychoanalysis Jack J. Spector’s article “Delacroix’s ‘Liberty on the Barricades’ in 1815 and 1830” from 1996. In this study, Spector unsuccessful tries to

“A Sorrowful Woman” features a superficially simple narration style. “Now the days were too short. She was always busy,” Stylistically clipped, with a clear passive, detached, voice the narration style seems to be a banal, unimportant feature of the text. Yet the exact mendacity that prompts this description actually serves as a prerequisite to developing an understanding for the principal character’s mindset, and consequently the theme of the text. The last passage contains numerous examples of detached narration but the clearest occurs when “She was always busy. She woke with the first bird. Worked till the sun set. No time for hair brushing. Her fingers raced the hours.” The concise, third person narration in this segment allows the reader to experience the slightly off viewpoint of ‘the mother.’ Specifically, given the lack of motivation present through the text coupled with the concluding suicide it becomes evident in the text that ‘the mother’ is suffering from depression. Given the societal stigma surrounding mental illness authors generally face an uphill

Psychoanalytic criticism uses the methods of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud. Our selfish, realistic, and moral thoughts, known by Freud as the Id, ego, and superego, can be showed in the story of Hamlet. Hamlet’s actions and decisions throughout the play, show his constant state of mind as conflicting with itself. The psychoanalytic critic will also see Hamlet’s longing for his mother and his uncertainty towards this father. Through the psychoanalytical lens in Hamlet, one sees the superego, action and inaction, and the Oedipal complex Hamlet.

To consider the psychological states of the main characters that we are trying to understand "which concepts are operating in the text in such a way as to enrich our understanding of the work and, if we plan to write a paper about it, to yield a meaningful, coherent psychoanalytic interpretation" (Tyson 29) and to see if there is any "Jungian criticism," which "is generally involved with a search for the embodiment of these symbols within particular works of art" (Richter 505).

In both Elizabeth Bishop’s “In the Waiting Room” and Clarice Lispector’s “The Daydreams of a Drunk Woman”, we are exposed to speakers who, through an epiphany of their role in existence, discover a sense of self. With the geographic difference between Bishop and Lispector, and yet such similar themes, it could be contended that their writings are evidence that both existentialism and exploration of the image of one’s self are major themes in twentieth century literary writing and thought.

Psychological criticism has roots as far back as the fourth century BC, when Aristotle “commented on the effects of tragedy on an audience, saying hat by evoking pity and fear, tragedy creates a cathartic of those emotions” (Dobie 54). More recently, however, psychological criticism has been shaped and influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud. He developed theories concerning “the workings of the human psyche, its formations, its organization, and its maladies” that, while further refined by other theorists, are still the basis of the modern approach to literary criticism (Dobie 54). Freud’s theory of the tripartite psyche is used to classify and define the conscious and unconscious mind into the id, ego, and superego. When examined using this theory, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, a dystopian novel about a patriarchal totalitarian government that has replaced the United States of America, is particularly interesting.

Character development within novels with complex plot structures proves to be a difficult task necessitating the author to add their own inner thoughts and experiences to weave a more realistic story. The historical background of a writer helps glean on information about that person’s unconscious and subconscious processes that become apparent within an author’s literature. As the author develops their thoughts throughout a novel attempting to paint a clearer picture of their purpose, their own persona becomes a part of the literature. Psychoanalytic theory attempts to further this claim by taking information from one’s childhood, inner taboo thoughts and hidden motivations, and synthesizing them for a better picture of the author’s

I found the definition of psychoanalytic criticism from our textbook: It significantly is focus on triggering the audience’s metal and emotional landscape by potential disorders, by the means of “symbolism, dreamlike imagery, emotional” rather than “rational logic, and a pleasure in language” (Mays 2340).

Psychoanalysis was started and influenced by Sigmund Freud. The object of psychological literary theory is to analyze the phycology of the author or the characters in the book. Applying psychological analysis to the Metamorphosis will require a critique to identify vital Freudian concepts such as; consciousness, unconsciousness, Oedipus complex and phallic symbol.

Many people today skim through pages of the books but might not actually understand the motivations behind the characters actions. Reading a book through the perspective of a psychoanalytic can resolve this problem. Although, the reader has to study the term “psychoanalytical criticism” before actually be able to use it in any story. The Psychoanalytical criticism is used today in literature to help the audience understand human motivation through either the characters or the author itself. After all the author is the creator and should be considered in the analysis to find what the reader desires to know about the characters. In Psychoanalysis And Education : Minding A Gap the authors Linden West and Alan Bainbridge provide the benefits that psychology provides to different people “Psychoanalysis, broadly defined, has encouraged us to delve beneath surface appearances, and to challenge overly sanitised, emo- tionally deadened, and ultimately unsustainable accounts of learning, to build richer, deeper, whole person understandings, redolent with vulnerability, but also resilience in “keeping on keeping on”, whether as a teacher, young person, or adult learner”(West and Bainbridge 6). The reader has to read a story several times and the reader should have a basic understanding of psychology. Although it is important to remember one is analyzing the text with evidence not making assumptions of an illness. When psychoanalysis is used in literature famous theories arise from

There are certain psychoanalytic concepts expressed by Sigmund Freud that can be applied to interpret literary texts. Psychoanalysis argue that literary texts, like dreams, articulate the secret unconscious desires and concerns of the author, that a literary work is a expression of the author’s own neuroses. One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are outcrops of the author’s psyche.

Freud suggests that the unconscious is a storehouse for our hidden desires, ambitions, fears, passion, and irrational thoughts. Since the unconscious is also a part of the psyche, the unconscious with hidden desires continues to affect us in the form of inferiority feelings, guilt, nightmares and dreams. The unconscious releases its suppressed wishes and desires through dreams. Freud believes that for authors, they create literary works to express their unconscious minds and to gratify their secret desires. Therefore, he declares that the literary work is the author’s dream or fantasy. That is to say that the literary text can be analyzed like a dream to uncover the hidden desires. Meanwhile, according to psychoanalytic critics, many images in literary work have their own symbolic significance. Therefore, when analyzing literary works, it is necessary to shift the focus of surface meanings to the symbolic meanings to find out the true meaning of the literary work.

Three aspects are important while analyzing a text according to Psychoanalytical Criticism. These are the author, characters and the reader. Psychoanalytic critics handle the text like analyzing the author’s own inner world as Ann B. Dobie stated her book Theory into Practice, An Introduction to Literary Criticism: “They see work as an expression of the writer’s unconscious mind, an artifact that can be used to psychoanalyze the writer, producing psycho-biography.” (2015, p. 62). Hence, it is important to have background information about the writer’s own life story in order to grasp the reason of characters’ attitude in the text. Symbols, dreams and conflicts have a vital role for the writer because they are the messengers to the reader who has been in communication with the text. The reader is also important as s/he is going to get the messages and reach the repressed feelings of the author. In this respect analyzing a text