Schizophrenia, A splitting of the mind Essay

Emil Kraepelin was a German physiatrist who became the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, and Psychopharmacology. He was born in 1856, Neusreletiz in Northern Germany, he graduated and received his M.D. from the University of Wurzburg. Emil began his work in the field of psychopharmacology at Wilhelm Wundt’s laboratory at Leipzig University. Later, Kraepelin became the head of a clinic at the University of Dorpat where he began to study the clinical history of his patients with mental illnesses. It was then that he became interested in studying how the course of illnesses and the patterns of symptoms can help identify psychiatric disorders. Kraepelin began to view mental illness evident on individuals in a “clinical” view rather than through the

met this patient, it would be incorrect to fit him into a one patient fits all category, not being aware of his personal, social, and physical environment to which he lives within. This would be defined as making a professional judgement and a normative need, which could differ from those of the patient’s perception of needs.

Insanity, then, is inordinate or irregular, or impaired action of the mind, of the instincts, sentiments, intellectual, or perceptive powers, depending upon and produced by an organic change in the brain.

D-Met with the patient upon request. Upon meeting with the patient, the patient appeared upset and addressed her frustration in this writer's office. According to the patient, she's upset with her PCP forcing the patient to admit herself to the psych. ward to get on medication. Failure to do so, her PCP will complete the medication protection for her electricity. The patient owes over $3000 and with the protection, her light company cannot turn off her lights. Please note, the patient was pacing back and forth and getting emotional. This writer consolet he patient and validated her feelings. According to the patient, she reports that CMHA informed her that she in order to get into their clinic, an evaluation is needed whereas the evaluation can be completed at a hospital; however, the patient is worried about being admitted. Please note, the patient denies any suicidal or homocidal ideation when questioned.

In 1809, physician John Haslam published an account of what he considered “A form of insanity”. Haslam described many symptoms that are relevant to modern day schizophrenia including delusions of grandeur and hallucinations. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, a German psychiatrist named Emil Kraepelin expanded on Haslam’s views and gave a more accurate description of schizophrenia as we know it today. Kraeplin started off by combining terms including different types of insanity under one term: Catatonia, and delusions of grandeur and persecution: paranoia. Kraepelin also separated dementia praecox from manic depressive illness, or bipolar disorder (Barlow,

Schizophrenia is a disorder that has an effect on about 25 million people around the world (Myers, 2010). Schizophrenia is a brain damage, naturally created by the human body, that is caused by the genetically determined vulnerability of the blood-brain barrier (Voronov, 2013). This psychiatric disorder, like most others, is characterized by changes in behavior, thinking, reduced ability to feel normal emotions, and mood (Abad et al., 2011). The unique thing about schizophrenia is that the symptoms are split into two different sections: positive symptoms (the presences of behaviors and or feelings that are not usually present in humans) and negative symptoms (the lack of behaviors and or feelings that are usually present in humans). Positive symptoms are characterized by the patient having delusions and or hallucinations while negative symptoms are characterized by the patient having affective flattening, alogia, avolition, anhedonia, and asociality (Nasrollahi et al., 2012). Although these are general symptoms for schizophrenia, the symptoms differ between genders.

The term Schizophrenia was only coined approximately 100 years ago by Swiss psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler; however, there is evidence that the symptoms of schizophrenia predate this coinage. Although nonspecific, the concept of madness has been seen throughout history. Instances of depression, dementia, and thought disturbances can be seen in the ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus and there is archeological evidence that people of the Stone Age tried to presumably release evil spirits through burr holes. Until the 18th century, mental illness or madness was seen as a punishment of god. After this period, mental illness was seen as a result of exposure to psychological stress.

Although schizophrenia is considered to be one of the newer mental disorders to be recognized, there have been several researchers that have made major declarations as to the cause and depth of this disorder. The first researcher to provide a look into what is now called schizophrenia is Emil Kraepelin (Jablensky, 2012). Prior to Kraepelin’s research, psychologists had begun to describe symptoms that were unlike any of the known mental disorders of the time. Kraepelin saw that many of these symptoms were similar among each other but there were also slight differences in the cases. Kraepelin decided to group all symptoms that were describing similar events under one term, dementia praecox. Throughout his research Kraepelin struggled with finding one root cause that was similar across all patients, so he determined that the essence of this disorder was a notable decline in

There are two categories of antipsychotics that could be used for positive symptoms of schizophrenia that could have helped Nathaniel: atypical or typical antipsychotics. Typical medications are the more current conventional medications used today, while the atypical medications are generally not used unless two other typical antipsychotics have been tried (Pandarakalam, 2016). Some of the overall antipsychotic medication side effects include, dry mouth, constipation, extreme fatigue, weight gain, blurred vision, and agranulocytosis (Kneisl & Trigoboff, 2013). Each medication may have additional less likely side effects, but these are the most common among all antipsychotics. Not only is an initial antipsychotic used to help deal with

The work Schizophrenia is less than 100 years old, although the disease was first identified as a discrete metal illness by Dr. Emile Kraepelin in 1887. The term schizophrenia was first used by Dr. Eugen Bleuler to label this complex disorder. Dr. Bleuler first used the word schizophrenia when he had noticed that some of his patients and been "slipping" from reality, Hence the use of the term translated literally means "split mind".

Schizophrenia is very dangerous disorder that changes how people feel about things, act against others, and their general behavior is changed. Schizophrenia has affected over 3 million people in the U.S. alone and it affects 21 million people worldwide. Even though schizophrenia by itself is not lethal, the symptoms are very incapacitating and patients have been known to commit suicide. Although schizophrenia has been proven non-treatable as of 2007, this disease is highly treatable. The risks of developing this disease come from genetic, environmental, and brain chemistry factors.

(Kalat, 2012). Bleuler used the term as a means of representing a major psychotic illness

D-The patient reports she is currently stable on her current dose. During the course of the session, this writer and the patient discussed the grieving process of her father passing and the patient's coping skills during her ordeal. According to the patient, her father was an attorney and died due to issues surrounding his heart. The patient has provided two negatives and is strongly focused on her recovery process as the patient is using her father as her motivation. Furthermore, the funeral was held on Wednesday and there was over 100 people, according to the patient. The writer provided the patient with positive feedback about her recovery process and also, provided condolence for her loss. This writer completed a referral for the take

He documented the fact that they had periods of mania depression, plus he noted that they had a period of time where none of the symptoms were present. He thought of the term “manic-depressive psychosis” while he was studying and observing. This became the term used for the disorder in the 1950s, and in some places it is still used instead of bipolar disorder, the more recent term for the illness that was created in the 1980s. Kraepelin also identified the difference in manic-depressive illness from dementia praecox/schizophrenia. (Young, 2006) Kraepelin was open to new ideas contrary to popular opinion. He discussed the question and doubts about his work in his works. However, his epigones followers weren’t as flexible and ignored some of the later contributions. This caused

Clinical observation led him to the hypothesis that specific combinations of symptoms in relation to the course of psychiatric illnesses allow one to identify a particular mental disorder. Today, his concept of endogenous psychosis is regarded as Kraepelins main achievement. He differentiated between ‘dementia praecox’ and ‘manic depression’ as the two forms of psychosis. Kraepelin considered ‘dementia praecox’ as a biological illness caused by anatomical or toxic processes (Lehmann, 1997). He observed 19 cases and worked on defining the concept of paranoia, which is reflected in several editions of his famous textbook and most closely resembles the modern definition of delusional disorder. Kraepelin viewed paranoia as an uncommon, chronic condition different from dementia praecox by the presence of fixed, non-bizarre delusions, lacking deterioration over time, preserved thought process, and relatively slight involvement of effect and volition (Manschreck, 2000).