1 What is scientifically based research, and why it is important?
Scientifically based research, which is also known as evidence-based research, is the practice of collecting evidence in order to answer questions and bring new knowledge to a specific field of study so that effective practices can be implemented. This is important because implementing new practices without the support research can yield ineffective or detrimental results to those involved. Having scientific backing allows scientists to be unbiased and discover causal relationships that are critical to our understanding of the world.
2 How has scientifically based research furthered the understanding of dyslexia and effective instruction for all students?
Scientifically
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• Farrell, Pickering, North, and Schavio (2004) – Looked into MSLE programs in regards to the use of multisensory strategies (a strategy that combines the use of two ore more senses)
• Orton-Gillingham – Developed principles for teaching language-related academic skills. Some Ortan based approaches include Alphabetic Phonics, Project Read, and Wilson Language
• Late 19th century educational psychologists – Promoted theory all senses are involved in learning (multisensory learning)
• Hinshelwood (1917) – First physician to advocate specific instructional approach for written language disorder called “word blindness”
• S.T. Orton (same as above) – First person to report about word blindness in the American medical literature
2 What are common instructional practices of multisensory structured language education (MSLE) that are consistent with research findings?
One common instructional practice of MSLE, consistent with research findings, is teaching individuals in direct instruction in speech-print correspondence. Some other common instructional practices are strategies using active learning such as mnemonic strategies and use of tactile activities to learn
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a. Rhyming: the ability to recognize rhyming and alliterations. Reading nursery rhymes can help young children recognize rhymes; playing alliteration games can help facilitate understanding, creating poems using rhyming, listening to silly songs with alliteration, playing the odd man out game.
b. Matching words by rhyme and alliteration: the ability to match spoken words by rhyme or alliteration. Having children participating in activities that use similar words and a different word to find the “odd-man out.” Other activities can include sorting tasks, creating poems, creating songs, or listening to poems or songs.
c. Partial phoneme segmentation: consciously segmenting words. Activities include pretend word spelling and having students sound out each phoneme in a word.
d. Full phoneme segmentation: Counting out the number of syllables. Speech practice with CVC words. Have students participate in silent reading and use their own ability to sound out words they don’t know with syllable practice. Students can count the number of syllables in a rhyme or poem, they can clap together counting syllables in
As you stated, phonemic awareness is very important to a child's later achievement in reading and also spelling. Rhyming and poetry are great ways in promoting phonemic awareness. In my post, I also mentioned a similar activity, and I think rhyming is very effective when working with children which is why many class incorporate these types of activities in their classroom. Great
Jenny is very good at whole word discrimination. She did not miss a single one and understood the sounds that the words made. She knew grip-grip was the same word and slip slit were not even though they were close in sound. Rhyming is also a strength for her. I think that rhyming is one of the easiest applications for children. I believe it is also the most fun for them. Syllable counting is also an easy concept for her; she didn’t miss a single one. She even got that hippopotamus had 5 syllables; that’s a big word. She also was correct that elephant had 3, which can easily be mistaken as 2 syllables.
However within the documentary there was no definition of dyslexia given; instead the documentary focused on dyslexia as a ‘myth’, stating that the term was coined hundreds of years ago because puzzled doctors could not understand why intelligent children failed to learn to read. The documentary focused on dyslexia as mainly an ‘emotional’ construct which is far from what current research suggests.
There are many different strategies that an instructor can use in ELL classrooms or in classrooms in which ELL students have been mainstreamed. As always, instructors are called upon to constantly modify their curriculum and instruction in order to meet the needs of each individual learner. This is made more possible if the instructor has more knowledge of different teaching methods and strategies. There are many possible research sources that offer ideas, methods and strategies for everyday use in an ELL classroom. Several of the more common or functional strategies will be discussed here.
Rhyming words is a skill kids need to learn at a young age and, the best way for a student to learn rhyming words is by reading them for a book and Dr. Seuss books Rhymes
“The Educational Impact of Mildred McGinnis” gives insight to the relevance of research and work developed by Mildred Aldridge McGinnis and how her techniques are still significant for teachers today. Although there are many research pioneers and contemporaries that have influenced the field of reading and education, one that is most influential for future dyslexia therapists is McGinnis. McGinnis is a well-known research pioneer that has greatly influenced the field of education since the early 1900’s. McGinnis began her career as a teacher of the deaf at the Central Institute for the Deaf in 1916. Following this accomplishment, she became the first head of the Central Institute for the Deaf
Dyslexia – literally translated from Greek as ‘inadequate words or language’ – is a learning disability characterised by problems with reading, writing, spelling and speaking. The most common definition of dyslexia is the discrepancy definition, which suggests that dyslexics are those whose reading ability is below average for their age group, or IQ. The first case of dyslexia was reported in 1896 by Dr. Pringle-Morgan, who described an intelligent 14 year old boy who had an inability to read, as suffering from – as Pringle-Morgan believed – “word blindness” resulting from deficiencies in visual processing. Since Pringle-Morgan’s initial report, there have been many other explanations of dyslexia. This essay will attempt to evaluate
In 1878, a German physician, Dr. Kussmaul illustrated a man who was incapable to figure out how to peruse. The man was of normal agility and had had gotten a decent education. Dr. Kussmaul named this issue reading blindness. After nine years, Dr. Berlin, another German specialist, composed the term dyslexia (from the Greek for ‘difficulty with words’) for this condition. The first British report of a particular learning trouble was additionally of grown-ups with perusing trouble. A Scottish eye surgeon, Dr James Hinshelwood, distributed the report in 1895, and named the condition word blindness. His paper advanced the first portrayal of particular perusing trouble in a child, after one year, when Dr. Pringle Morgan depicted a 14-year-old kid,
There are many components to building a student’s reading skill set. One skill that is introduced in preschool and developed through the primary grades is phonemic awareness. The term phonemic awareness is defined as the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes – individual sounds. The child becomes aware of how sounds are connected to words prior to reading. This awareness creates the understanding of how phonemes explains how the smallest part of sound creates a difference in sound to the meaning of a word. Therefore, the ability to dismantle words, and reassemble them, and then to alter the word into something different explains the concept behind phonemic awareness. It is the primary foundation in which other reading skill sets are according based.
Scientists have been interested in dyslexia for a long time. For instance a scientist by the name of A. Kussmaul started researching this disorder in 1881. He came up with a theory of a certain inability as “word
Dyslexia is a lifelong struggle with constant challenges with reading and speaking. About five to ten percent of the United States population deals with the learning disorder dyslexia (Van den Honert, n.d.). It is a neurological condition that is mainly caused by genetics but there are some rare cases in which it is acquired. Dyslexia interrupts the normal processes of reading and speaking (Van den Honert, n.d.). All of which are used in daily life and this makes life and school so much harder for dyslexics. They must learn to live with the condition for their entire life and there is not really a treatment for it. With the constant struggle and reminder of their
For example, a child is having a difficult time finding a word that rhymes with cat. It is obvious that this child has difficulty thinking of rhymes for simple CVC single-syllable words. An activity that can be
The term “dyslexia” was first introduced in 1887 by Dr. Rudolf Berlin when he suggested that difficulty with reading may be caused by “cerebral disease instead of brain injury” (Hennigh 1995).
There is often a child in a class that cannot read, spell, speak, or do math as well as they should for their age level. He or she grows up thinking they are stupid, or are going to be unsuccessful in life because they are not “smart” like their classmates. He or she is not stupid, they are usually incredibly smart, and are possibly just dealing with dyslexia. Dyslexia is a type of learning difference that can affect a person’s ability to read, write, speak, and do math. Dyslexia is very common, with one out of every five U.S. school children suffering from dyslexia. Dyslexic children often discover that their parents or a close relative also have some form of learning disability, supporting the idea that dyslexia is hereditary. Dyslexia is
Discussions of dyslexia require a definition of the term, and this is where we can come into some confusion if we are not careful. In fact, the “problem” itself exists in the defining of the word, and thus the labeling of those to whom the definition applies. However, with some knowledge of the etiology of “dyslexia” we can begin to ply our beliefs off the population of “dyslexics” and start to gain some understanding of their experiences with language learning. This is, after all, the intention of this research. Guardiola (2001) also assisted in redirecting the academic focus in this direction, towards the etiology of the term and how its history has shaped current social work, education, neurobiology, and psychology perspectives.